Influence of Temperature Effects on CPT in Granular Soils by Discrete Element Modeling in 3D
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. DEM Simulation
2.1. Contact Law
2.2. Thermal Transfer Theory
2.3. Simulation Procedure
2.3.1. Sample Generation
2.3.2. Sample Heating Process
2.4. Simulation of CPT
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Thermal Transfer
Influence of Specific Heat
3.2. Influence of the Velocity of Thermal Conductivity
3.3. Influence of Temperatures
3.4. Influence of the Thermal Expansion Coefficient
3.5. Velocity Field of the Soil Particles
4. Conclusions
- The specific heat and thermal conductivity are significantly affected by the heating time during the thermal transfer process. Generally, the total time required to heat a sample increases as specific heat increases, while it decreases as thermal conductivity increases.
- The sample becomes denser as temperature increases, based on the assumption of particle expansion during the heating process. The cone resistance of the penetrometer also increases with temperature.
- The thermal expansion coefficient of a soil particle is an important factor that affects the density of the sample. The larger the coefficient, the greater the cone resistance of the penetrometer. The velocity field and contact force chain are visualized during CPT, with maximum values occurring near the tip of the cone penetrometer.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbol | Description |
A | area of the bond cross section |
coefficient of restitution | |
specific heat | |
c | damping coefficient |
mean diameter of the particles | |
E | particle density |
normal force | |
tangential force | |
I | inertial number |
normal stiffness of walls | |
normal stiffness of particles | |
tangent stiffness of walls | |
tangent stiffness of particles | |
k | macroscopic conductivity |
normal stiffness | |
tangential stiffness | |
length of thermal pipe | |
m | mass of particle |
n | porosity |
unit normal vector | |
cone resistance | |
T | temperature |
volume of particle | |
thermal conductivity velocity | |
w | angular velocities of particle |
thermal expansion coefficient of particle | |
timestep | |
shear strain rate | |
friction coefficient particle-boundary | |
friction coefficient inter-particles | |
poisson’s ratio | |
density | |
thermal resistance |
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Parameter | Value | Unity |
---|---|---|
Number of particles, N | 45,000 | - |
Particle radius, r | 1∼2 | cm |
Particle density, | 2600 | kg/m |
Local damping coefficient, c | 0.7 | - |
Gap, | 0.1 | cm |
Confining pressure, P | 100 | kPa |
Friction coefficient inter-particles, | 0.3 | - |
Friction coefficient particle-boundary, | 0.1 | - |
Normal stiffness of particles, | 8.0 × 10 | N/m |
Tangent stiffness of particles, | 8.0 × 10 | N/m |
Tensile strength of bonds, | 500.0 | kPa |
Cohesion, | 500.0 | kPa |
Normal stiffness of walls, | 1.5 × 10 | N/m |
Tangent stiffness of walls, | 10 | N/m |
Timestep for mechanical study, | 1.5 × 10 | s/step |
Thermal Parameter | Value | Unity |
---|---|---|
Initial temperature of soil, | 0 | C |
Temperature of heating walls, | 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 | C |
Specific heat, | 800 | J/(kg C) |
Thermal conductivity, k | 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 | w/(m C) |
Thermal expansion coefficient of particles, | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 × 10 | - |
Timestep for thermal transfer process, | 1 | s/step |
Simulation | T | (cm) | Porosity n | (kPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 10 | 1.514 | 0.274 | 67.2 |
2 | 20 | 1.529 | 0.267 | 69.5 |
3 | 30 | 1.544 | 0.262 | 73.3 |
4 | 40 | 1.560 | 0.258 | 76.8 |
5 | 50 | 1.576 | 0.252 | 78.1 |
Simulation | (cm) | Porosity n | (kPa) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1 × 10 | 1.514 | 0.274 | 66.9 |
2 | 2 × 10 | 1.546 | 0.261 | 72.1 |
3 | 3 × 10 | 1.574 | 0.252 | 79.3 |
4 | 4 × 10 | 1.586 | 0.243 | 88.3 |
5 | 5 × 10 | 1.592 | 0.233 | 92.1 |
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Huang, Y.; Sun, W.; You, H.; Wu, K. Influence of Temperature Effects on CPT in Granular Soils by Discrete Element Modeling in 3D. Geotechnics 2023, 3, 624-637. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030034
Huang Y, Sun W, You H, Wu K. Influence of Temperature Effects on CPT in Granular Soils by Discrete Element Modeling in 3D. Geotechnics. 2023; 3(3):624-637. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030034
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yun, Weichen Sun, Hongyi You, and Kai Wu. 2023. "Influence of Temperature Effects on CPT in Granular Soils by Discrete Element Modeling in 3D" Geotechnics 3, no. 3: 624-637. https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics3030034