Long Jump Performance Is Not Related to Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Force Application in Isometric and Vertical Jump Tests
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.1. Vertical Jump Tests
2.2.2. Isometric Test
2.3. Data Acquisition and Analysis
2.3.1. Vertical Jump Tests
- Kinetic parameters: vGRF at the initiation of the jump (FzSTART), maximum vGRF (FzMAX); peak net vertical force (FzNET); peak rate of force development (RFDMAX); peak power output (PMAX).
- Spatial/kinematic parameters: hJUMP; vertical BCM take-off velocity (UzTOFF), maximum downward (SzBCM-BR), and upward vertical BCM displacement (SzBCM-PR).
- Temporal parameters: total impulse time (tIMP); time to achieve maximum vGRF (tFzMAX); the duration of the downward phase (tBR); time to achieve peak power (tPMAX).
2.3.2. Isometric Test
- 4.
- Temporal parameters: time for the initiation of force application (tFSTART); time to achieve maximum isometric force output (tFMAX); time to achieve RFDMAX (tRFDMAX).
- 5.
- Kinetic parameters: peak isometric force (FMAX), peak net isometric force (FMAXnet), RFDMAX.
2.3.3. Asymmetry
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Intra-Test Reliability Measures
3.2. Bilateral Vertical Jump Tests
3.3. Unilateral Vertical Jump Tests
3.4. Isometric Tests
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | SQJ-BIL | CMJ-BIL | t | p | d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
hJUMP (m) | 0.404 ± 0.082 | 0.453 ± 0.084 | 3.570 | 0.007 * | 1.19 |
UzTOFF (m/s) | 2.80 ± 0.29 | 2.97 ± 0.27 | 4.464 | 0.001 * | 1.14 |
SzBCM-BR (m) | - | −0.29 ± 0.05 | - | - | - |
SzBCM-PR (m) | 0.38 ± 0.06 | 0.41 ± 0.07 | 1.074 | 0.314 | 0.36 |
FzNET (kN) | 1.27 ± 0.13 | 1.51 ± 0.16 | 3.169 | 0.013 * | 1.06 |
RFDMAX (kN/s) | 16.80 ± 3.08 | 22.3 ± 8.42 | 1.857 | 0.100 | 0.62 |
PMAX (kW) | 2.78 ± 0.43 | 2.87 ± 0.48 | 1.197 | 0.266 | 0.40 |
tIMP (ms) | 392.89 ± 99.00 | 614.22 ± 242.13 | 3.289 | 0.011 * | 1.10 |
tBR (ms) | - | 474.78 ± 62.7 | - | - | - |
tFzMAX (ms) | 289.78 ± 90.91 | 506.22 ± 75.67 | 10.573 | <0.001 * | 3.52 |
tPMAX (ms) | 329.56 ± 100.16 | 620.22 ± 83.44 | 9.680 | <0.001 * | 3.23 |
Parameter | TOL | SWL | t | p | d | ΘSYM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SQJ-BIL | ||||||
FzSTART (N) | 348.6 ± 36.7 | 360.3 ± 14.3 | 0.955 | 0.368 | 0.32 | −1.18 |
FzMAX (N) | 988.8 ± 82.2 | 988.7 ± 69.7 | 0.001 | 0.999 | 0.00 | 0.02 |
FzNET (N) | 640.2 ± 83.4 | 628.4 ± 63.2 | 0.513 | 0.662 | 0.17 | 0.50 |
FzNET (N/kg) | 0.91 ± 0.15 | 0.89 ± 0.12 | 0.543 | 0.602 | 0.18 | 0.50 |
CMJ-BIL | ||||||
FzSTART (N) | 351.3 ± 33.7 | 356.3 ± 26.1 | 0.355 | 0.732 | 0.12 | −0.49 |
FzMAX (N) | 1103.0 ± 122.9 | 1116.8 ± 61.5 | 0.372 | 0.719 | 0.12 | −0.52 |
FzNET (N) | 751.7 ± 129.4 | 760.6 ± 60.6 | 0.212 | 0.837 | 0.07 | −0.68 |
FzNET (N/kg) | 1.06 ± 0.18 | 1.08 ± 0.13 | 0.283 | 0.785 | 0.09 | −0.68 |
Parameter | CMJ-TOL | CMJ-SWL | t | p | d | ΘSYM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hJUMP (m) | 0.221 ± 0.032 | 0.224 ± 0.037 | 0.123 | 0.910 | 0.09 | −0.49 |
UzTOFF (m/s) | 2.08 ± 0.15 | 2.09 ± 0.17 | 0.117 | 0.921 | 0.06 | −0.25 |
SzBCM-BR (m) | −0.189 ± 0.050 | −0.204 ± 0.118 | 3.622 | 0.036 * | 0.17 | −2.43 |
SzBCM-PR (m) | 0.354 ± 0.022 | 0.368 ± 0.060 | 0.431 | 0.695 | 0.31 | −0.99 |
FzSTART (N) | 705.54 ± 41.74 | 705.74 ± 44.98 | 0.122 | 0.911 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
FzMAX (N) | 1610.79 ± 210.33 | 1571.74 ± 157.25 | 0.550 | 0.621 | 0.21 | 0.69 |
FzNET (N) | 905.25 ± 170.52 | 866.00 ± 139.19 | 0.542 | 0.626 | 0.25 | 1.25 |
RFDMAX (kN/s) | 12.01 ± 2.56 | 12.36 ± 2.50 | 0.108 | 0.921 | 0.14 | −0.75 |
PMAX (kW) | 1.43 ± 0.29 | 1.29 ± 0.25 | 1.127 | 0.342 | 0.52 | 3.10 |
tIMP (ms) | 726.00 ± 39.27 | 730.50 ± 133.38 | 0.061 | 0.955 | 0.05 | −0.14 |
tBR (ms) | 470.25 ± 47.25 | 466.75 ± 98.60 | 0.056 | 0.959 | 0.05 | 0.59 |
tFzMAX (ms) | 574.00 ± 55.91 | 515.00 ± 92.21 | 0.908 | 0.431 | 0.77 | 3.61 |
tPMAX (ms) | 630.75 ± 35.28 | 636.25 ± 126.98 | 0.078 | 0.943 | 0.06 | −0.13 |
Parameter | TOL | SWL | t | p | d | ΘSYM |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FMAXnet (kN) | 1.67 ± 0.42 | 1.57 ± 0.53 | 0.949 | 0.381 | 0.39 | 2.24 |
FMAX (N/kg) | 2.29 ± 0.60 | 2.19 ± 0.78 | 0.891 | 0.407 | 0.34 | 2.24 |
RFDMAX (kN/s) | 11.18 ± 1.80 | 10.95 ± 3.24 | 0.220 | 0.833 | 0.83 | 1.28 |
tFSTART (ms) | 165.86 ± 51.26 | 167.63 ± 47.64 | 0.462 | 0.660 | 0.18 | −0.67 |
tFMAX (ms) | 782.43 ± 155.88 | 716.29 ± 121.09 | 1.461 | 0.194 | 0.55 | 2.64 |
tRFDMAX (ms) | 237.14 ± 46.54 | 240.29 ± 44.88 | 1.252 | 0.257 | 0.47 | −0.50 |
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Chaitidou, V.; Panoutsakopoulos, V. Long Jump Performance Is Not Related to Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Force Application in Isometric and Vertical Jump Tests. Biomechanics 2023, 3, 389-400. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics3030032
Chaitidou V, Panoutsakopoulos V. Long Jump Performance Is Not Related to Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Force Application in Isometric and Vertical Jump Tests. Biomechanics. 2023; 3(3):389-400. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics3030032
Chicago/Turabian StyleChaitidou, Vasiliki, and Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos. 2023. "Long Jump Performance Is Not Related to Inter-Limb Asymmetry in Force Application in Isometric and Vertical Jump Tests" Biomechanics 3, no. 3: 389-400. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics3030032