Single-Subject Analyses Reveal Altered Performance and Muscle Activation during Vertical Jumping
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Data Processing
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Participant | CMVJ Displacement | Net Impulse | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | |||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.41 | 0.02 | 0.40 | 0.02 | 242.07 | 4.68 | 246.50 | 5.28 | 240.60 | 6.13 |
2 | 0.39 | <0.01 | 0.39 | <0.01 | 0.43 B | 0.03 | 201.83 | 0.47 | 204.35 B | 0.14 | 211.27 B,C | 5.23 |
3 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 0.36 | <0.01 | 0.37 | 0.03 | 247.61 | 13.54 | 245.16 | 0.62 | 247.61 | 8.49 |
4 | 0.37 | 0.08 | 0.33 | 0.12 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 229.39 | 19.35 | 218.36 | 38.41 | 241.76 | 28.97 |
5 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.02 | 197.64 | 0.59 | 196.03 | 2.73 | 199.80 | 4.18 |
6 | 0.54 M,C | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.01 | 0.50 C | 0.01 | 244.99 M,C | 4.52 | 235.58 | 1.82 | 237.77 | 0.61 |
7 | 0.49 M,C | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 0.42 | 0.03 | 224.33 M,C | 3.27 | 218.36 | 3.33 | 211.09 | 6.65 |
8 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 212.54 | 6.15 | 214.42 | 7.38 | 207.19 | 6.80 |
9 | 0.58 | 0.01 | 0.60 B | 0.01 | 0.59 | 0.01 | 270.10 | 3.35 | 275.31 B,M | 1.00 | 271.36 | 1.70 |
10 | 0.79 M,C | 0.14 | 0.57 | 0.06 | 0.60 | 0.01 | 308.15 M,C | 21.00 | 273.75 | 12.77 | 280.56 | 0.96 |
11 | 0.33 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.02 | 252.59 | 17.57 | 256.34 | 3.29 | 260.67 | 6.02 |
12 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 0.79 B,M | 0.14 | 0.56 | 0.04 | 241.54 | 4.17 | 308.15 B,M | 21.00 | 245.70 | 6.50 |
13 | 0.46 | 0.10 | 0.46 | 0.06 | 0.42 | 0.05 | 281.92 | 22.25 | 283.42 | 11.75 | 274.10 | 9.71 |
14 | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 222.61 | 4.47 | 222.06 | 2.75 | 219.77 | 11.23 |
15 | 0.39 | 0.02 | 0.37 | 0.02 | 0.40 C | 0.01 | 219.61 | 4.61 | 215.22 | 4.36 | 222.97 C | 3.11 |
Group | 0.44 | 0.13 | 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.43 | 0.10 | 239.79 | 30.04 | 240.87 | 32.72 | 238.15 | 25.80 |
Participant | Unloading Time | Eccentric Time | Concentric Time | Jump Time | ||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 0.25 | 0.1 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 0.23 B | 0.01 | 0.23 B | 0.01 | 0.75 | 0.03 | 0.75 | 0.04 | 0.73 | 0.08 |
2 | 0.26 | 0.15 | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.44 | 0.02 | 0.45 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 1.07 M,C | 0.02 | 0.94 | 0.04 | 0.90 | 0.04 |
3 | 0.71 M,C | 0.05 | 0.28 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.18 | 0.41 B | 0.12 | 0.18 | 0.01 | 0.21 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.14 | 1.00 C | 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.06 | 0.97 C | 0.07 |
4 | 0.45 | 0.37 | 0.55 M | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.10 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.30 | 0.29 | 0.07 | 0.27 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.36 | 1.04 | 0.29 | 1.09 | 0.27 | 0.90 | 0.03 |
5 | 0.20 | 0.02 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.18 | 0.02 | 0.24 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.00 | 0.29 C | 0.00 | 0.72 | 0.02 | 0.74 | 0.05 | 0.72 | 0.02 |
6 | 0.27 | 0.09 | 0.25 | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.02 | 0.29 M | 0.02 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.26 M | 0.00 | 0.26 M | 0.02 | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.81 | 0.08 | 0.79 | 0.06 | 0.79 | 0.15 |
7 | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.03 | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.41 | 0.07 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.81 | 0.04 | 0.81 | 0.10 | 0.85 | 0.07 |
8 | 0.15 | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.29 | 0.04 | 0.30 M | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.74 | 0.05 | 0.68 | 0.02 | 0.72 | 0.06 |
9 | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.44 | 0.07 | 0.40 | 0.01 | 0.55 C | 0.09 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.26 | 0.01 | 0.87 | 0.04 | 0.86 | 0.01 | 0.96 B,C | 0.04 |
10 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.93 | 0.70 | 0.46 B | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.37 B | 0.03 | 0.33 B | 0.02 | 1.01 | 0.72 | 0.31 M | 0.01 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 1.24 | 0.41 | 1.61 | 0.67 | 1.06 | 0.11 |
11 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.28 M | 0.03 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.35 | 0.03 | 0.54 C | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.06 | 0.96 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 0.03 |
12 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.33 C | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.01 | 1.01 | 0.72 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.13 | 1.24 | 0.41 | 0.82 | 0.03 |
13 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.01 | 0.27 | 0.04 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.29 | 0.03 | 0.75 M | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.04 | 0.70 | 0.00 |
14 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.16 C | 0.03 | 0.40 | 0.20 | 0.31 | 0.01 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.81 | 0.24 | 0.72 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 0.16 |
15 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.32 | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.51 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.05 | 0.29 | 0.02 | 0.31 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 1.09 | 0.03 | 1.13 | 0.05 | 1.05 | 0.13 |
Group | 0.25 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.22 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.32 | 0.13 | 0.32 | 0.09 | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.19 | 0.31 | 0.10 | 0.91 | 0.16 | 0.92 | 0.25 | 0.87 | 0.12 |
Participant | Biceps Femoris (BF) | Semitendinosus (SEM) | Vastus Lateralis (VL) | Vastus Medialis (VM) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 1.5 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 |
2 | 11.3 M,C | 0.1 | 10.1 | 0.4 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.1 |
3 | 7.3 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 2.0 M | 0.4 | 1.6 M | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 2.6 M,C | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 3.0 B,M | 0.4 | 0.7 M | 0.3 | 2.0 | 0.3 |
4 | 11.3 M,C | 2.6 | 5.9 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 2.0 B,M | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.8 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 M | 0.7 | 1.4 M | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
5 | 5.7 C | 2.3 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 2.5 M | 0.3 | 3.3 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 2.3 | 0.6 |
6 | 3.0 | 1.4 | 6.2 | 4.9 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 0.5 | 3.2 | 0.3 | 2.3 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.5 |
7 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 2.2 | 0.3 | 2.3 B | 0.2 | 3.1 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 3.2 | 0.2 |
8 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 0.8 | 4.7 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 2.5 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.1 M,C | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 0.4 |
9 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 4.9 B | 1.3 | 4.4 | 3.6 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 1.7 C | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.6 C | 0.4 |
10 | 2.4 C | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.2 C | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
11 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 1.5 M | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 0.3 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
12 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.4 B,M | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 1.1 M,C | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 |
13 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.1 |
14 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 5.2 B | 1.4 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 1.8 M | 0.4 | 3.1 B,M | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 3.3 B,M | 0.6 | 2.0 | 1.0 |
15 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 2.4 M | 0.1 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 |
Group | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 0.8 |
Participant | Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) | Soleus (SOL) | Peroneus Longus (PL) | Tibialis Anterior (TA) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 7.4 | 4.5 | 7.2 | 2.2 | 9.7 | 6.2 |
2 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.9 B | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.6 B | 0.0 | 0.6 B | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 0.3 | 4.4 | 1.3 | 3.5 | 1.9 | 5.4 | 1.4 |
3 | 2.5 M | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 2.0 M | 0.4 | 2.2 M | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 8.7 M,C | 1.5 | 8.0 | 1.8 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 11.3 | 1.4 | 10.8 | 2.0 | 12.4 | 2.5 |
4 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 M | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 1.9 | 2.3 M | 1.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 3.5 M | 1.2 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
5 | 2.6 C | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.3 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 1.9 | 0.8 | 11.9 | 3.6 | 16.9 | 4.5 | 12.5 | 2.8 | 8.7 | 3.0 | 17.0 B | 5.9 | 12.4 | 2.9 |
6 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 6.3 | 2.1 | 6.2 | 3.3 | 5.7 | 1.9 |
7 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.4 | 1.5 C | 0.4 | 1.3 | 0.6 | 2.0 C | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 0.2 | 3.7 | 0.3 | 4.9 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 2.3 |
8 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.7 B | 0.2 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.7 | 0.4 | 5.2 | 1.4 | 4.9 | 1.2 | 3.9 | 0.5 | 8.3 | 2.9 | 10.2 M | 1.7 | 6.7 | 1.8 |
9 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 B | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 | 2.8 M | 0.7 | 1.5 | 0.5 |
10 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 2.9 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 1.0 |
11 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 2.0 B | 0.4 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 1.1 |
12 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 1.1 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.3 |
13 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 3.9 | 1.3 | 5.2 | 1.1 | 6.6 B | 1.8 | 3.0 | 0.4 | 2.9 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 0.4 | 13.7 | 4.8 | 13.0 | 3.9 | 13.9 | 3.0 |
14 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 1.1 B | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 7.0 | 5.0 | 7.8 | 1.7 | 4.3 | 1.9 | 7.9 | 6.5 | 9.2 | 2.7 | 4.6 | 3.4 |
15 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 1.1 M | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 1.9 | 1.5 |
Group | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 1.3 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 4.3 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 5.8 | 3.7 | 6.5 | 4.7 | 5.5 | 4.5 |
Participant | Biceps Femoris (BF) | Semitendinosus (SEM) | Vastus Lateralis (VL) | Vastus Medialis (VM) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 2.1 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 1.7 | 0.6 | 12.4 | 4.9 | 14.9 | 1.3 | 15.9 | 2.4 | 8.7 | 1.0 | 10.0 | 1.4 | 9.2 | 2.0 | 13.5 | 3.4 | 10.6 | 1.7 | 14.9 C | 2.3 |
2 | 12.5 M | 1.8 | 11.1 | 1.1 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 5.5 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 2.4 B,M | 0.4 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 8.2 M,C | 3.9 | 6.7 | 1.0 | 6.8 | 0.0 |
3 | 9.7 | 5.7 | 5.0 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 1.7 | 14.0 M,C | 1.3 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 11.5 M | 1.9 | 7.2 | 4.9 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 10.8 | 3.3 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 1.0 |
4 | 12.4 M,C | 3.2 | 5.8 | 4.1 | 5.1 | 0.0 | 4.4 | 0.7 | 10.0 B,M | 0.9 | 6.0 B | 0.0 | 6.5 | 0.7 | 7.1 | 2.3 | 8.9 B | 0.0 | 8.3 | 3.1 | 9.9 M | 1.2 | 6.3 | 0.0 |
5 | 8.9 | 4.7 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 15.4 | 2.0 | 10.9 | 3.3 | 13.3 | 2.9 | 14.8 M,C | 3.4 | 9.0 | 3.1 | 9.3 | 3.0 | 17.1 C | 1.4 | 12.2 | 0.9 | 16.5 C | 1.1 |
6 | 5.7 | 1.2 | 9.3 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 4.4 | 10.1 | 4.2 | 8.1 | 2.6 | 7.1 | 1.5 | 13.8 | 2.6 | 11.1 | 1.4 | 12.4 | 3.2 | 11.1 | 2.0 | 14.5 | 3.1 | 16.4 | 4.5 |
7 | 3.8 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 0.9 | 7.9 M | 1.4 | 6.8 | 1.3 | 5.5 | 1.6 | 8.4 | 2.6 | 8.9 | 1.4 | 9.1 | 1.8 | 10.6 | 4.4 | 8.7 | 3.9 | 8.1 | 0.6 |
8 | 5.3 | 2.2 | 7.3 | 2.1 | 6.0 | 0.8 | 9.2 M | 2.1 | 10.4 M | 3.4 | 3.1 | 0.3 | 9.6 | 2.3 | 9.5 | 1.8 | 9.1 | 3.9 | 10.3 | 3.3 | 12.4 | 5.2 | 7.2 | 1.7 |
9 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 6.0 B | 1.2 | 4.6 | 3.5 | 6.5 | 1.2 | 7.8 M | 1.3 | 4.5 | 1.6 | 6.3 | 1.5 | 8.5 B,M | 0.6 | 6.2 | 1.0 | 7.7 | 2.9 | 7.7 | 1.9 | 6.9 | 1.0 |
10 | 3.3 M,C | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 1.5 C | 0.2 | 11.7 | 0.0 | 11.8 | 2.8 | 10.9 | 1.9 | 8.9 | 0.0 | 7.5 | 1.8 | 10.6 | 2.4 | 9.3 | 0.0 | 8.9 | 3.3 | 7.6 | 1.7 |
11 | 2.8 | 1.0 | 3.5 | 0.6 | 3.5 | 0.7 | 11.8 | 5.9 | 11.0 M | 1.7 | 7.6 | 1.3 | 8.1 | 2.3 | 7.6 | 0.4 | 6.4 | 2.4 | 7.9 | 3.2 | 10.0 M | 1.1 | 5.9 | 0.9 |
12 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 3.3 B,M | 0.0 | 2.8 B | 0.3 | 5.1 | 0.2 | 11.7 B,M | 0.0 | 5.8 | 1.6 | 6.9 | 1.5 | 8.9 B | 0.0 | 6.9 | 2.1 | 11.7 M | 2.5 | 9.3 M | 0.0 | 7.3 | 0.4 |
13 | 2.8 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 4.4 | 2.0 | 5.3 | 1.2 | 6.7 | 0.6 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 4.6 B | 0.1 | 4.5 | 1.6 | 5.9 | 3.9 | 6.2 | 0.5 |
14 | 7.2 | 4.0 | 5.6 | 2.0 | 4.2 | 1.1 | 5.8 | 1.6 | 5.2 | 1.1 | 6.0 | 0.6 | 10.7 | 4.4 | 13.1 M | 1.9 | 7.7 | 2.1 | 9.7 | 4.5 | 10.5 | 2.8 | 9.3 | 3.1 |
15 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 0.5 | 5.3 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 4.8 | 1.1 | 10.9 M,C | 0.9 | 8.1 | 1.5 | 6.9 | 1.8 | 8.3 M,C | 0.8 | 7.0 | 0.8 | 7.1 | 0.1 |
Group | 5.6 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 8.6 | 3.7 | 8.5 | 3.2 | 7.2 | 3.6 | 8.7 | 3.5 | 8.2 | 2.5 | 7.6 | 2.7 | 9.9 | 2.9 | 9.2 | 2.7 | 8.7 | 3.9 |
Participant | Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) | Soleus (SOL) | Peroneus Longus (PL) | Tibialis Anterior (TA) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 7.3 | 2.9 | 6.7 | 1.5 | 10.0 | 4.8 | 8.9 | 5.2 | 11.4 | 3.8 | 9.6 | 5.8 | 12.3 M,C | 5.1 | 11.5 M | 2.6 | 9.0 | 5.3 | 6.8 | 3.5 | 9.1 | 1.8 | 11.2 | 2.6 |
2 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 1.8 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 0.2 | 3.8 | 0.3 | 10.0 | 1.8 | 8.2 | 0.9 | 10.3 | 0.2 |
3 | 24.1 M,C | 5.9 | 9.1 | 7.5 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 16.4 | 2.8 | 10.1 | 9.7 | 3.2 | 2.4 | 9.0 M | 5.3 | 6.1 M | 2.2 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 7.6 | 5.2 | 9.8 B | 2.7 |
4 | 8.4 | 4.1 | 9.7 M | 1.6 | 7.9 | 0.0 | 7.6 | 4.5 | 9.4 M | 0.3 | 6.0 | 0.0 | 10.3 M | 1.4 | 12.9 B,M | 0.9 | 6.9 | 0.0 | 12.1 M | 3.0 | 10.5 M | 0.1 | 8.3 | 0.0 |
5 | 3.4 C | 0.4 | 2.3 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 6.6 | 0.7 | 5.8 | 1.0 | 6.2 | 2.3 | 11.0 | 2.6 | 13.9 | 4.1 | 13.0 | 1.1 | 6.4 | 1.6 | 11.7 B | 2.3 | 11.0 B | 1.1 |
6 | 8.0 | 1.3 | 5.9 | 3.5 | 8.0 | 0.8 | 8.0 M | 2.0 | 5.7 | 1.5 | 11.7 C | 1.7 | 5.3 | 1.3 | 6.7 | 2.1 | 9.5 B | 2.2 | 10.6 M | 1.0 | 9.0 | 3.4 | 7.0 | 1.5 |
7 | 4.3 | 2.4 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 0.6 | 5.9 M | 0.9 | 6.4 | 3.0 | 4.2 | 0.9 | 5.2 | 1.7 | 6.0 | 1.6 | 4.4 | 1.2 | 14.4 M | 3.6 | 10.5 | 1.9 | 7.8 | 2.0 |
8 | 4.0 | 1.3 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 0.4 | 6.5 | 1.5 | 9.7 | 4.1 | 7.5 | 2.1 | 12.5 | 1.2 | 12.3 | 0.8 | 10.9 | 2.6 | 10.7 | 2.8 | 13.3 M | 1.9 | 10.4 | 1.3 |
9 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 0.6 | 1.9 B | 0.5 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 0.7 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 0.5 | 5.6 | 2.0 | 8.3 B | 0.9 | 8.0 | 2.4 |
10 | 4.4 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 0.6 | 3.7 | 2.6 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 6.7 | 3.0 | 6.5 B | 1.8 | 5.8 | 0.0 | 7.1 | 2.8 | 7.2 | 2.3 | 11.7 C | 0.0 | 10.0 | 0.1 | 9.6 | 2.4 |
11 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 4.0 | 0.9 | 4.1 B | 0.5 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 0.8 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 7.8 | 2.0 | 8.3 | 1.1 | 9.2 | 3.6 |
12 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 4.4 B,M | 0.0 | 2.8 | 0.4 | 5.9 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 6.2 C | 1.4 | 6.8 C | 0.7 | 5.8 | 0.0 | 11.3 B,C | 1.1 | 5.8 | 3.3 | 11.7 B | 0.0 | 10.8 | 3.9 |
13 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 0.3 | 4.5 | 1.1 | 5.2 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 1.5 | 4.4 | 0.6 | 3.9 | 1.5 | 11.3 | 1.9 | 12.0 | 1.0 | 13.2 | 1.3 |
14 | 8.1 | 3.9 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 6.8 | 0.2 | 8.8 | 3.4 | 6.3 | 2.0 | 8.8 | 1.6 | 10.6 | 1.3 | 12.8 B | 1.1 | 10.6 | 1.8 | 13.1 | 5.7 | 11.5 | 2.8 | 10.9 | 2.4 |
15 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 4.0 M | 0.6 | 3.4 | 1.3 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 6.2 | 1.9 | 7.8 | 1.8 | 5.3 | 1.4 | 8.8 | 2.8 | 9.5 | 1.4 | 10.2 | 1.3 |
Group | 5.6 | 5.7 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 6.3 | 3.5 | 6.0 | 3.0 | 5.9 | 2.6 | 7.2 | 3.4 | 7.9 | 3.8 | 6.9 | 3.5 | 9.2 | 3.3 | 10.1 | 1.7 | 9.8 | 1.6 |
Participant | Biceps Femoris (BF) | Semitendinosus (SEM) | Vastus Lateralis (VL) | Vastus Medialis (VM) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 3.6 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 1.4 | 11.1 | 3.8 | 14.1 | 2.1 | 18.1 B | 4.6 | 18.4 | 4.6 | 21.6 M | 1.4 | 13.4 | 3.4 | 16.3 | 2.8 | 19.4 | 3.7 | 17.0 | 4.8 |
2 | 16.0 M | 2.6 | 14.1 M | 1.9 | 5.0 | 2.2 | 10.4 | 0.1 | 15.9 B | 0.8 | 16.4 B,C | 3.0 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 3.8 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 1.6 | 19.3 | 2.6 | 16.1 | 4.3 | 17.1 | 0.9 |
3 | 15.1 M,C | 2.3 | 7.7 | 2.7 | 5.0 | 1.5 | 8.7 C | 0.1 | 6.1 | 1.2 | 10.0 C | 1.9 | 21.1 | 3.2 | 17.2 | 5.9 | 18.1 | 4.7 | 17.5 | 3.1 | 12.1 | 4.9 | 15.2 | 5.4 |
4 | 14.0 M,C | 3.3 | 6.8 | 4.3 | 8.2 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 2.2 | 11.1 B,M | 0.5 | 7.5 | 0.4 | 19.5 | 1.3 | 20.3 | 2.2 | 15.6 | 10.7 | 18.4 | 4.9 | 18.5 M | 0.0 | 10.5 | 6.6 |
5 | 8.4 C | 4.0 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 3.2 | 12.2 | 1.3 | 10.2 | 2.5 | 11.2 | 3.6 | 15.2 C | 0.7 | 12.1 | 1.4 | 12.6 | 2.3 | 15.3 | 2.1 | 14.1 | 1.5 | 16.3 C | 0.8 |
6 | 5.4 | 2.2 | 9.3 | 7.6 | 4.2 | 2.0 | 10.9 | 1.0 | 14.1 | 3.9 | 11.2 | 2.7 | 18.3 | 2.9 | 17.6 | 4.5 | 17.5 | 2.6 | 15.3 | 0.6 | 20.5 | 3.0 | 18.9 | 7.8 |
7 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 4.2 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 0.8 | 13.6 | 2.9 | 14.0 | 1.0 | 11.7 | 5.0 | 16.9 | 4.0 | 15.6 | 1.3 | 18.3 | 3.4 | 15.7 | 5.6 | 14.9 | 4.5 | 14.8 | 1.2 |
8 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 7.1 | 1.6 | 5.4 | 0.7 | 14.4 M | 3.1 | 12.6 M | 0.6 | 6.0 | 1.1 | 19.9 | 0.7 | 20.3 | 0.6 | 19.1 | 4.6 | 18.8 M | 2.0 | 21.9 M | 6.0 | 14.6 | 1.9 |
9 | 3.5 | 1.0 | 7.1 B | 1.9 | 5.9 | 4.4 | 12.0 | 3.1 | 11.7 | 2.1 | 9.6 | 2.1 | 14.9 | 3.0 | 17.5 | 0.3 | 16.4 | 3.1 | 15.4 | 4.1 | 13.5 | 2.1 | 14.7 | 2.0 |
10 | 3.7 M,C | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 12.6 | 7.6 | 19.8 | 3.3 | 21.7 | 2.6 | 12.1 | 7.5 | 16.7 | 3.2 | 18.1 | 0.7 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 16.6 B | 4.3 | 14.2 | 1.6 |
11 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 3.6 | 0.8 | 4.3 B | 0.7 | 21.4 | 2.6 | 18.6 | 1.6 | 20.3 | 2.1 | 20.0 | 2.1 | 20.5 | 1.9 | 20.0 | 5.4 | 19.4 | 0.5 | 20.1 | 2.4 | 18.8 | 1.0 |
12 | 4.9 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 0.9 | 4.6 | 0.8 | 4.8 | 0.8 | 12.6 | 7.6 | 6.1 | 1.6 | 14.0 | 4.1 | 12.1 | 7.5 | 12.3 | 4.1 | 17.7 C | 5.3 | 8.7 | 4.9 | 14.1 | 1.3 |
13 | 10.8 M,C | 1.8 | 6.3 | 0.1 | 6.8 | 1.3 | 10.8 | 2.0 | 8.8 | 0.9 | 9.6 | 1.9 | 15.4 | 0.1 | 15.2 | 2.0 | 15.4 | 5.0 | 19.7 | 4.2 | 17.1 | 7.1 | 17.4 | 3.6 |
14 | 11.4 | 2.1 | 13.7 | 6.0 | 10.2 | 3.7 | 7.2 | 1.8 | 8.3 | 1.9 | 10.1 | 2.5 | 17.1 | 3.6 | 21.6 M | 2.2 | 15.3 | 2.0 | 13.7 | 1.4 | 19.1 B | 3.3 | 19.1 B | 2.8 |
15 | 9.5 | 0.8 | 9.6 | 2.1 | 10.2 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 1.5 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 5.0 | 0.9 | 22.4 M | 2.5 | 16.6 | 4.3 | 15.9 | 2.7 | 16.2 | 2.5 | 16.2 | 3.6 | 15.9 | 0.5 |
Group | 7.9 | 4.6 | 6.7 | 3.8 | 5.6 | 2.4 | 10.7 | 4.3 | 12.1 | 4.3 | 11.6 | 5.2 | 16.5 | 4.9 | 16.6 | 4.7 | 15.4 | 4.2 | 16.5 | 2.8 | 16.6 | 3.5 | 15.9 | 2.3 |
Participant | Medial Gastrocnemius (MG) | Soleus (SOL) | Peroneus Longus (PL) | Tibialis Anterior (TA) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | Barefoot | Conventional | Minimal | |||||||||||||
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
1 | 13.3 | 2.8 | 16.7 | 1.0 | 19.9 B,C | 1.9 | 14.2 | 3.6 | 15.0 | 3.6 | 14.9 | 4.9 | 16.1 | 0.5 | 18.9 | 4.4 | 17.9 | 4.2 | 1.8 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 3.0 B,C | 0.2 |
2 | 15.9 M | 1.6 | 16.3 M | 0.0 | 9.4 | 0.1 | 17.1 C | 0.8 | 14.0 | 0.4 | 19.1 B,C | 0.4 | 15.8 | 0.1 | 18.8 B,M | 1.9 | 17.7 | 3.0 | 9.0 | 2.7 | 7.3 | 0.9 | 9.0 | 0.8 |
3 | 16.8 C | 3.2 | 12.0 | 2.5 | 13.9 | 1.8 | 16.8 | 2.6 | 17.0 | 4.8 | 14.3 | 10.2 | 20.1 M | 2.4 | 15.6 M | 4.0 | 7.5 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 0.2 | 2.7 | 1.7 |
4 | 15.8 | 1.4 | 13.3 | 2.7 | 9.8 | 5.9 | 14.5 M | 1.7 | 15.9 M | 0.0 | 8.7 | 2.0 | 20.3 M | 0.9 | 17.7 M | 3.2 | 11.9 | 3.9 | 6.6 M | 1.0 | 5.7 M | 1.0 | 4.5 | 0.5 |
5 | 12.9 | 3.6 | 14.3 | 3.5 | 14.2 | 1.4 | 10.1 | 4.2 | 10.8 | 2.0 | 12.0 | 5.5 | 13.9 | 1.5 | 11.9 | 1.9 | 14.8 | 1.7 | 5.2 | 0.7 | 5.9 | 1.2 | 6.8 B | 1.1 |
6 | 14.9 | 1.5 | 15.6 | 1.3 | 12.8 | 2.9 | 17.2 | 1.0 | 15.2 | 3.7 | 19.7 | 2.3 | 17.4 | 1.6 | 17.6 | 1.9 | 18.6 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 4.8 | 1.4 |
7 | 16.6 | 7.1 | 13.6 | 2.4 | 16.5 | 1.9 | 16.8 | 2.4 | 15.8 | 3.0 | 16.1 | 1.6 | 17.6 | 2.4 | 16.7 | 1.1 | 16.1 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 0.1 | 5.9 | 1.5 | 4.6 | 1.3 |
8 | 14.5 | 0.7 | 19.0 | 4.1 | 14.9 | 1.3 | 15.3 | 1.2 | 17.7 | 1.9 | 14.6 | 1.9 | 17.9 M | 2.5 | 14.7 | 3.9 | 14.2 | 1.3 | 5.3 | 2.3 | 5.4 | 0.8 | 5.1 | 1.0 |
9 | 14.7 | 4.6 | 18.8 | 2.6 | 16.0 | 4.5 | 17.4 | 3.4 | 18.0 | 2.1 | 20.1 | 2.1 | 15.9 | 1.6 | 19.3 M | 3.1 | 14.3 | 1.6 | 6.8 | 0.9 | 7.2 | 1.5 | 7.5 | 2.6 |
10 | 9.1 | 5.5 | 15.3 | 2.7 | 14.7 | 4.5 | 9.5 | 5.2 | 17.9 B,M | 0.9 | 14.6 | 0.6 | 9.1 | 5.9 | 16.0 | 3.4 | 16.7 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 0.6 |
11 | 15.7 | 2.4 | 15.0 | 2.1 | 17.9 | 1.3 | 16.1 | 0.5 | 18.7 B | 1.8 | 20.0 B | 0.4 | 19.7 | 1.8 | 18.2 | 1.8 | 18.5 | 5.1 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 3.3 | 0.3 |
12 | 14.2 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 5.5 | 15.8 | 5.3 | 17.0 | 5.1 | 9.5 | 5.2 | 16.4 C | 1.2 | 10.7 | 2.4 | 9.1 | 5.9 | 13.5 | 0.8 | 3.4 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 1.3 | 4.6 | 0.3 |
13 | 15.3 C | 1.7 | 11.0 | 1.9 | 13.6 | 2.9 | 15.9 | 1.0 | 18.0 | 4.5 | 22.9 B | 0.5 | 15.0 | 1.7 | 15.5 | 0.5 | 16.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 5.5 | 1.3 | 4.0 | 1.4 |
14 | 13.4 | 1.4 | 17.4 | 3.5 | 15.5 B | 0.8 | 13.0 | 1.5 | 15.0 | 3.6 | 15.8 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 1.3 | 5.8 | 0.9 | 6.1 | 2.1 | 4.4 | 1.0 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 3.7 | 0.3 |
15 | 13.1 M | 1.6 | 10.4 | 2.5 | 9.5 | 0.4 | 13.9 | 3.2 | 10.3 | 5.2 | 13.9 | 2.8 | 18.9 | 1.0 | 17.9 | 1.5 | 16.3 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 1.8 | 5.4 | 1.4 | 3.9 | 2.2 |
Group | 14.4 | 1.9 | 14.5 | 3.0 | 14.3 | 3.0 | 15.0 | 2.5 | 15.3 | 3.0 | 16.2 | 3.6 | 15.6 | 4.4 | 15.6 | 3.9 | 14.7 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 2.0 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 4.6 | 1.9 |
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Harry, J.R.; Eggleston, J.D.; Dufek, J.S.; James, C.R. Single-Subject Analyses Reveal Altered Performance and Muscle Activation during Vertical Jumping. Biomechanics 2021, 1, 15-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics1010002
Harry JR, Eggleston JD, Dufek JS, James CR. Single-Subject Analyses Reveal Altered Performance and Muscle Activation during Vertical Jumping. Biomechanics. 2021; 1(1):15-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics1010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarry, John R., Jeffrey D. Eggleston, Janet S. Dufek, and C. Roger James. 2021. "Single-Subject Analyses Reveal Altered Performance and Muscle Activation during Vertical Jumping" Biomechanics 1, no. 1: 15-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomechanics1010002