Associations between Mental Health and COVID-19 Status among 18- and 19-Year-Old Adolescents: A Multi-Country Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Dependent Variables
2.2. Independent Factors
2.3. Confounding Factors
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total N = 547 n (%) | Experienced Depression | Experienced Anxiety | Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes n (%) 98 (17.9) | No n (%) 449 (82.1) | AOR 95% CI p Value | Yes n (%) 130 (23.8) | No n (%) 417 (76.2) | AOR 95% CI p Value | Yes n (%) 219 (40.0) | No n (%) 328 (60.0) | AOR 95% CI p Value | ||
Age in years 18 19 | 194 (35.5) 353 (64.5) | 28 (14.4) 70 (19.8) | 166 (85.6) 283 (80.2) | 0.682; 0.415–1.123; p = 0.133 1.000 | 43 (22.2) 87 (24.6) | 151 (77.8) 266 (75.4) | 0.935; 0.601–1.456; p = 0.767 1.000 | 78 (40.2) 141 (39.9) | 116 (59.8) 212 (60.1) | 0.980; 0.677–1.418; p = 0.913 1.000 |
Sex at birth | ||||||||||
Male | 147 (26.9) | 28 (17.5) | 119 (81.0) | 1.000 0.815; 0.490–1.353; p = 0.815 | 35 (23.8) | 112 (76.2) | 1.000 1.013; 0.634–1.621; p = 0.956 | 46 (31.3) | 101 (68.7) | 1.000 1.690; 1.120–2.549; p = 0.012 |
Female | 400 (73.1) | 70 (19.0) | 330 (82.5) | 95 (23.8) | 305 (76.2) | 173 (43.3) | 227 (56.8) | |||
Country income level LIC LMIC UMIC HIC | 5 (0.9) 361 (66.0) 109 (19.9) 72 (13.2) | 3 (60.0) 46 (12.7) 29 (26.6) 20 (27.8) | 2 (40.0) 315 (87.3) 80 (73.4) 52 (72.2) | 4.076; 0.605–24.471; p = 0.149 0.336; 0.180–0.625; p = 0.001 0.831; 0.419–1.652; p = 0.598 1.000 | 4 (80.0) 58 (16.1) 43 (39.4) 25 (34.7) | 1 (20.0) 303 (83.9) 66 (60.6) 47 (65.3) | 8.023; 0.827–77.868; p = 0.073 0.323; 0.181–0.577; p < 0.001 1.133; 0.602–2.131; p = 0.699 1.000 | 4 (80.0) 152 (42.1) 36 (33.0) 27 (37.5) | 1 (20.0) 209 (57.9) 73 (67.0) 45 (62.5) | 8.766; 0.908–84.643; p = 0.061 1.230; 0.719–2.105; p = 0.450 0.813; 0.430–1.538; p = 0.524 1.000 |
SAR-CoV-2 infection Yes No | 33 (6.0) 514 (94.0) | 3 (9.1) 95 (18.5) | 30 (90.9) 419 (81.5) | 0.365; 0.098–1.356; p = 0.132 1.000 | 9 (27.3) 121 (23.5) | 24 (72.7) 380 (76.5) | 0.689; 0.271–1.751; p = 0.434 1.000 | 12 (36.4) 207 (40.3) | 21 (63.6) 307 (59.7) | 0.991; 0.433–2.269; p = 0.983 1.000 |
Know someone who died of COVID-19 Yes No | 219 (40.0) 328 (60.0) | 36 (16.4) 62 (18.9) | 183 (83.6) 266 (81.1) | 0.937; 0.564–1.558; p = 0.802 1.000 | 53 (24.2) 77 (23.5) | 166 (75.8) 251 (76.5) | 0.923; 0.581–1.466; p = 0.735 1.000 | 73 (33.3) 146 (44.5) | 146 (66.7) 182 (55.5) | 0.531; 0.356–0.791; p = 0.002 1.000 |
Had a close friend and family members who tested positive for COVID-19 Yes No | 178 (32.5) 369 (67.5) | 26 (14.6) 72 (19.5) | 152 (85.4) 297 (80.5) | 0.673; 0.390–1.158; p = 0.153 1.000 | 45 (25.3) 85 (23.0) | 133 (74.7) 284 (77.0) | 1.002; 0.622–1.616; p = 0.992 1.000 | 69 (38.8) 150 (40.7) | 109 (61.2) 219 (59.3) | 1.225; 0.812–1.847; p = 0.334 1.000 |
Had COVID-19 symptoms but did not get tested Yes No | 64 (11.7) 483 (88.3) | 10 (15.6) 88 (18.2) | 54 (84.4) 395 (81.8) | 1.271; 0.579–2.786; p = 0.550 1.000 | 22 (34.4) 108 (22.4) | 42 (65.6) 375 (77.6) | 2.473; 1.286–4.755; p = 0.007 1.000 | 26 (40.6) 193 (40.0) | 38 (59.4) 290 (60.0) | 1.205; 0.660–2.198; p = 0.544 1.000 |
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Folayan, M.O.; Zuñiga, R.A.A.; Quadri, M.F.A.; Lusher, J.; Gaffar, B.; Ellakany, P.; Nguyen, A.L.; El Tantawi, M. Associations between Mental Health and COVID-19 Status among 18- and 19-Year-Old Adolescents: A Multi-Country Study. Adolescents 2023, 3, 131-140. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010010
Folayan MO, Zuñiga RAA, Quadri MFA, Lusher J, Gaffar B, Ellakany P, Nguyen AL, El Tantawi M. Associations between Mental Health and COVID-19 Status among 18- and 19-Year-Old Adolescents: A Multi-Country Study. Adolescents. 2023; 3(1):131-140. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010010
Chicago/Turabian StyleFolayan, Morenike Oluwatoyin, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Mir Faeq Ali Quadri, Joanne Lusher, Balgis Gaffar, Passent Ellakany, Annie L. Nguyen, and Maha El Tantawi. 2023. "Associations between Mental Health and COVID-19 Status among 18- and 19-Year-Old Adolescents: A Multi-Country Study" Adolescents 3, no. 1: 131-140. https://doi.org/10.3390/adolescents3010010