Diversity of the Subfamily Torodorinae (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae) in Afrotropical Region
The Korean Academy of Science and Technology, Seungnam 13630, Republic of Korea
Taxonomy 2025, 5(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5010004
Submission received: 28 November 2024
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Revised: 30 December 2024
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Accepted: 9 January 2025
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Published: 13 January 2025
Abstract
:Torodorinae is the second largest subfamily of Lecithoceridae, comprising more than 600 species worldwide. In the Afrotropical Region, 116 species of the subfamily have been known, of which 90 species were described by the author and his co-authors since 2018. In this article, the generic synopsis of the subfamily Torodorinae in Afrotropical Region is discussed and reviewed, providing lists of all known species of each genus.
1. Introduction
The subfamily Torodorinae (Lepidoptera, Lecithoceridae) is the second largest subfamily among the four subfamilies of Lecithoceridae (Ceuthomadarinae, Lecithocerinae, Torodorinae, and Crocanthinae), comprising more than 600 species (Table 1) belonging to 47 genera worldwide. However, the subfamily is still poorly known in the Afrotropical Region as well as other related micro-moths. Adults of the subfamily are usually small to medium size (wingspan of 8–25 mm) and mostly nocturnal, as well as those of other subfamilies, except some brightly coloured species such as Torodora epicharis Park, 2002; and the larvae mostly feed on dead leaves [1,2]. The subfamily is morphologically defined by the absence of a bridge-like structure connecting the tegumen and the valva, and by the uncus, which is usually thorn-like and directed caudally in the male genitalia. Representative species of the genera of Torodorina are given in the Figure 1.
Among the known species of the subfamily, more than 410 species have been reported from the Oriental Region, 40 species from the Palaearctic Region, 5 species from the Oceanian and the Australian Region, and about 150 species from the Afrotropical and Madagascar regions (Table 1 and Table 2) [1,2,3]. The available data for the Afrotropical Region has been based on very limited material, and little work had been performed until the author started to study this fauna since 2018 [4,5]. Thus, the number of species inhabiting this region can be expected to be at least more than 10 times greater than that corresponding to our current knowledge [2]. Even though the adjacent big island, Madagascar, is fairly close to this continent, none of the described species of Malagasy Lecithoceridae has been found on the African continent. The fauna of Madagascar could be another example showing a very high level of endemism despite the relative proximity with a large neighbouring area for the faunas of the Australian and Oceanian regions [6].
Since Walsingham (1881, 1891) described Idiopterix obliquella (Walsingham, 1881) and Protolychnis maculata (Walsingham, 1891) from Rep. South Africa [7,8] and Meyrick (1908–1938) described 12 species belonging to the subfamily from various area in Afrotropical Region [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16], Park (or with his co-authors) described three new genera (Thubdora Park, 2019; Viperinus Park, 2021; and Spiniola Park, 2022) and 90 new species of the subfamily Torodorinae from the Afrotropical Region [4,5,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. Of these genera, Thubdora Park is the most diverse genus in the subfamily Torodorinae with 46 known species, the next is Ptilothyris Walsingham with 19 known species, followed by Dragmatucha Meyrick with 18 described species and Torodora Meyrick with 14 species. It is known that six genera: Dragmatucha Meyrick, Idiopteryx Walsingham, Ptilothyris Walsingham, Thubdora Park, Spiniola Park and Viperinus Park, are endemic to the Afrotropical Region.
Recently, Sterling et al. (2023) described a new genus, Xenotorodor Stering, Lees & Grundy, based on the type species, X. stygioxanthus sp. nov. from the southern Spain [26], considering the replacement of the genus within the subfamily Crocanthinae or Torodorinae. A further study is needed.
Table 1.
The number of species of Lecithoceridae by each subfamily in the World.
| Region | OR | PL | AF + MA | AU | OC | Subtotal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subfamily | |||||||
| Ceuthomadarinae | - | 8 | - | - | - | 8 | |
| Lecithocerinae | 592 | 63 | 105 | 28 | 90 | 878 | |
| Torodorinae | 411 | 40 | 152 * | 2 | 3 | 608 | |
| Crocanthinae | 3 | - | - | 17 | 71 | 91 | |
| Total | 1006 | 111 | 256 * | 47 | 164 | 1585 | |
| (%) | (63.5) | (7.0) | (16.1) | (3.0) | (10.4) | (100%) | |
* 24 species of the genus Parkiana Cho, 2020 [27] and Torodora Meyrick, 1894, and 12 species not assigned their generic status, which were described from Madagascar, are included. OR: Oriental Region; PL: Palaearctic Region; AF: Afrotropical Region; MA: Madagascar Region; AU: Australian Region; OC: Oceanian Region.
Table 2.
The number of the known species of the genus Torodorinae.
| Genus | Known No. in the World | Known No. in the Afrotropical Region |
|---|---|---|
| Dragmatucha Meyrick, 1908 | 18 | 18 |
| Hyperochtha Meyrick, 1925 | 5 | 1 |
| Idiopteryx Walsingham, 1891 | 4 | 4 |
| Protolychnis Meyrick, 1925 | 13 | 10 |
| Ptilothyris Walsingham 1897 | 19 | 19 |
| Spiniola Park, 2022 | 1 | 1 |
| Thubana Walker, 1864 | 62 | 1 |
| Thubdora Park, 2018 | 46 | 46 |
| Torodora Meyrick, 1894 | 247 | 14 * |
| Viperinus Park, 2021 | 2 | 2 |
| Total | 417 | 116 |
* The 18 known species from Madagascar are not included.
2. Material and Methods
This review was based on all publications of the taxonomic and faunal studies of the subfamily Torodorinae, which were previously published for the fauna of the Afrotropical Region. The generic synopsis of the subfamily was given and discussed. The lists of the known species for the genera were prepared separately, with their type localities and depositories of the types. Also, all references concerning the information for the species of the subfamily were listed, along with the order of their citation.
3. Generic Synopsis of the Subfamily Torodorinae
3.1. Dragmatucha Meyrick, 1908
Type species: Dragmatucha proaula Meyrick, 1908: 726. TL: Rep. South Africa, Petersburg.
Dragmatucha Meyrick is one of the African genera and similar to Idiopteryx Walsingham, 1881 in the general morphology, but it can be distinguished from Idiopteryx by M3 coincident with CuA1 in the forewing and the hind tibia is surrounded by long hairs. The following 18 species of the genus have been known in the Afrotropical Region (Table 3).
3.2. Hyperochtha Meyrick, 1925
Type species: Onebala butyropa Meyrick, 1910: 458. TL: Sri Lanka, Maskeliya.
Hyperochtha Meyrick is somewhat similar to Philharmonia Gozmány, 1978 and Eccedoxa Gozmány, 1973 by the absence of M2 in both wings, but it can be distinguished from Philharmonia by M3 arising from near the middle of the cell, whereas in the latter, it arises from the lower corner of the cell. Only a single species has been known in the Afrotropical Region (Table 4).
3.3. Idiopteryx Walsingham, 1891
Type species: Cryptolechia obliquella Walsingham, 1881: 254. TL: Rep. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal.
=Isotypa Janse, 1954.
Idiopteryx Walsingham is characterized by the forewing venation with R3 stalked with R4+5, R5 to costa, M3, CuA1, and CuA2 on a common stalk; the hindwing with M2 well-developed; the hind tibia with long, rough scales beyond half all around. It is differentiated from Dragmatucha Meyrick by having CuA1 and CuA2, whereas CuA1 and CuA2 are coincident in the latter (Table 5).
3.4. Protolychnis Meyrick, 1925
Type species: Lecithocera maculata Walsingham, 1881: 276. TL: Rep. South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal.
Protolychnis Meyrick is one of the small genera of the subfamily Torodorinae, comprising 11 described species: eight species from the Afrotropical Region, two species (lychnocentra (Meyrick, 1904) and trigonias (Meyrick, 1904)) from Australia, and one species (ipnosa Wu, 1994) from China. The wing venation is similar to that of the Oriental genus Abrachmia Amsel, 1968, but it can be distinguished from the latter by the thick antenna, shorter than the forewing. Ten species have been reported from the Afrotropical Region (Table 6).
3.5. Ptilothyris Walsingham, 1897
Type species: Ptilothyris purpurea Walsingham, 1897: 37. TL: Nigeria, Idanre.
Ptilothyris Walsingham is an Afrotropical genus which was described based on Ptilothyris purpurea Walsingham from Lagos, Nigeria. The genus is superficially similar to Thubdora Park, 2018 in the wing pattern, but it can be distinguished by the forewing being more elongated and the antenna strongly bipectinate. Nineteen species have been known from the Afrotropical Region (Table 7).
3.6. Spiniola Park, 2022
Type species: Spiniola hanaro Park, 2022: 578. TL: Malawi, Mulanje.
Spiniola Park resembles superficially Torodora Meyrick and has a similar wing venation with Eccedoxa Gozmány, 1973 (R5 absent in the forewing and M2 absent in both wings), but it can be distinguished from Torodora by lacking vein M2 in both wings and with well-developed, spine-like saccus in male genitalia. The main diagnostic character of this genus distinguished from its related genera is the well-developed, large spine-like saccus in the male genitalia (Table 8).
3.7. Thubana Walker, 1864
Type species: Thubana bisignatella Walker, 1864: 814. TL: Malaysia, Sarawak.
=Titana Walker, 1864: 813. Type species: Titana adelella Walker, 1864.
=Tiva Walker, 1864: 821. Type species: Tiva binotella Walker, 1864.
=Inapha Walker, 1864: 999. Type species: Inapha lampronialis Walker, 1864.
=Stelechoris Meyrick, 1925: 243. Type species: Pachnistis exaema Meyrick, 1911.
Thubana Walker is one of the Oriental genera, distributed from North India to Sri Lanka, and the Philippines, and extended to the Indonesian Archipelago in the south. Of the 54 known species worldwide, only a single species has been known in Afrotropical Region (Table 9).
3.8. Thubdora Park, 2018
Type species: Thubdora acutalis Park, 2018a: 1088. TL: Congo Rep., Pool Region.
Thubdora Park is an Afrotropical genus. It is similar to that of the African genus Isotypa Janse with R5 absent in the forewing, but it differs by the hindwing with M2 absent and M3 stalked with CuA1. The male genitalia are also specialized by the short uncus, bilobed apically; gnathos with large, modified broad basal plate; juxta broad with large triangular or semiovate plate distally. A total of 46 species have been known in the Afrotropical Region (Table 10).
3.9. Torodora Meyrick, 1894
Type species: Torodora characteris Meyrick, 1894.
=Habrogenes Meyrick, 1918: 102. TS: Lecithocera eupatris Meyrick, 1910.
=Panplatyceros Diakonoff, 1951: 76. TS: Panplatyceros serpentina Diakonoff, 1951.
Torodora Meyrick is the most diverse genus in the subfamily Torodorinae and is distributed worldwide. The genus comprises more than 240 described species which are mostly distributed in the Oriental Region and only a few species are known from the Palaearctic Region. The genus is generally defined by the wing venation with R3, R4, and R5 usually on a common stalk in the forewing, and M2 is present in both wings. The male genitalia are characterized by the hooked gnathos and the foot-shaped or variously elongated valva. Due to its wide diversity, its defining characteristics often overlap with those of other genera. A total of 14 species have been known in the Afrotropical Region (Table 11).
3.10. Viperinus Park, 2021
Viperinus orbiosus Park & Koo, 2021a: 360. TL: Kenya, Rift Valley.
Viperinus has similar external morphological characteristics to Protolychnis, but the male genitalia can be distinguished by having uniquely specialized, two arched processes, each at the base of the valva. A polygonal signum plate in the female genitalia can also be a diagnostic character against the crescent signum plate of Protolychnis. In addition, a preliminary analysis result using the COI barcode sequences strongly supported that the genus Viperinus is a genus related to Protolychnis (Table 12).
4. Discussion
According to the recent update of Wallace’s zoogeographic regions of the world by Holt et al. (2013) [29], Madagascar Region was separated from Afrotropical Region. The two regions are geographically close to each other, but the fauna of Lecithoceridae in the Afrotropical and Madagascan regions is quite different, even though the fauna has been poorly studied yet, with a high percentage of the endemism in the composition like in the Australian and the Oceanian regions. Thus, the species of the subfamily Torodorinae known from Madagascar are not included in this article.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments
The author thanks all collaborators who provided valuable specimens which were collected by themselves from Africa and preserved in their museums, especially for Aarvik L. in Norway; Agassiz D. in the UK; De Prins, J. and W. in Belgium; Mey, W. and Karisch, T. in Germany.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
| CMNH | Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburg, USA. |
| MfN | Zoologisches Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, Germany. |
| MNHN | Muséum national d’Historie naturelle, Paris, France. |
| MNVD | Museum für Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte, Dessau, Germany. |
| NHMO | The Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. |
| NHMUK | The Natural History Museum, London, UK. |
| NHMW | Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien, Germany. |
| NIBR | National Institute of Biological Resources, Incheon National University, Incheon, Korea. |
| RMCA | Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. |
| RMNH (=NCB) | Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis (formerly Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie), Leiden, The Netherlands. |
| SAMA | South Australian Museum, Adelaide, Australia. |
| SDEI | Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany. |
| TMSA | Ditsong National Museum of Natural History (former Transvaal Museum), Pretoria, Rep. of South Africa. |
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Figure 1.
Representative species of the genera of Torodorinae: (A), Dragmarucha proaula Meyrick, 1908; (B), Idiopteryx obliquella (Walsingham, 1881); (C), Protolychnis morogoroensis Park & Koo, 2021; (D), Ptilothyris purpurea Walsingham, 1897; (E), Thubdora mufindiensis Park & Cho, 2021; (F), Torodora batillana Park & Koo, 2022.
Figure 1.
Representative species of the genera of Torodorinae: (A), Dragmarucha proaula Meyrick, 1908; (B), Idiopteryx obliquella (Walsingham, 1881); (C), Protolychnis morogoroensis Park & Koo, 2021; (D), Ptilothyris purpurea Walsingham, 1897; (E), Thubdora mufindiensis Park & Cho, 2021; (F), Torodora batillana Park & Koo, 2022.
Table 3.
Species list of Dragmatucha Walsingham with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| cochliana Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 163. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | NHMO |
| crinifrutalis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 168. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | NHMUK |
| dizostera Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 169. | Uganda, Mpigi | MfN |
| flavoaurea Park & Karisch, 2022—Park et al., 2022b: 373. | Ivory Coast, Montagne | SDEI |
| galbinea Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 155. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | NHMO |
| ghanaensis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 166. | Ghana, Kakum | NHMUK |
| goniotes Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 160. | DR Congo, Eala | RMCA |
| hispidula Park, 2018—Park et al., 2018b: 160. | Cameroon, Efulen | CMNH |
| kabarolensis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 154. | Uganda, Kabarole | NHMO |
| kakumensis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 164. | Ghana, Kakum | NHMO |
| mediolinea Park & Karisch, 2022—Park et al., 2022b: 370. | Ivory Coast, Montagne | SDEI |
| ovartiella Park & Karisch, 2022—Park et al., 2022b: 372. | Ivory Coast, Montagne | SDEI |
| pedalis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 171. | Uganda, Kibale Na. Park | NHMUK |
| polystriana Park & Karisch, 2022—Park et al., 2022b: 369. | Ivory Coast, Montagne | SDEI |
| proaula Meyrick, 1908: 726. | South Africa, Transvaal | TMSA |
| saltualis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 157. | Kenya, Central | NHMUK |
| vittatella Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020b: 159. | Uganda, Kibale Na. Park | MfN |
| vulcaniella Park & Karisch, 2021: 591. | Equatorial Guinea, Bioko | SDEI |
Table 4.
Species list of Hyperochtha Meyrick with the type locality and depository of the type.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| dischema (Meyrick, 1916: 576) (Onebala). | Malawi, Nyassaland | NHMUK |
Table 5.
Species list of Idiopteryx Walsingham with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| bivia (Meyrick, 1918: 25) (Dragmatucha). | RSA, KwaZulu-Natal | TMSA |
| discopuncta (Janse, 1949: 383) (Isotypa). | RSA, Cape, Grootvadersbos | TMSA |
| jansei Park & De prins, 2019b: 79. | RSA, Cape, Transkei | TMSA |
| obliquella (Walsingham, 1881: 254). | RSA, KwaZulu-Natal | NHMUK |
Table 6.
Species list of Protolychnis Meyrick with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| bastini Park, 2020—Park & Koo, 2020: 272. | DR Congo, Tervuren | RMCA |
| chlorotoma (Meyrick, 1914: 200) (Onebala). | Malawi, Nyasaland | MHMUK |
| circuliella Park, 2024—Park & Yu, 2024: 2. | Tanzania, Tanga | NHMUK |
| maculata (Walsingham, 1891: 104) (Lecithocera). | RSA, KwaZulu-Natal | NHMUK |
| marginata Walsingham, 1891: 104. | Gambia, Banjul | NHMUK |
| morogoroensis Park & Koo, 2021: 366. | Tanzania, Morogoro | NHMO |
| natalensis Park & De Prins, 2019: 84. | RSA, KwaZulu-Natal | TMSA |
| oculiella Park & Koo, 2021a: 363. | Kenya, Kajaido | NHMO |
| petiliella Park, 2020—Park & Koo, 2020: 270. | Uganda, Mpigi | NIBR |
| tangaensis Park, 2022—Park & Koo, 2022: 2. | Tanzania, Tanga | MHMUK |
Table 7.
Species list of Ptilothyris Walsingham with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| aglaocrossa Meyrick, 1935: 564. | DR Congo, Lubumbashi | RMCA |
| climacista Meyrick, 1926: 289. | Cameroon, Bitje | NHMUK |
| crassiella Park, 2019—Park et al., 2019: 222. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| crossoceros Meyrick, 1934: 452. | DR Congo, Kivu | NHMW |
| drepanodes Park, 2019—Park et al., 2019: 218. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| enormisella Park, 2019: 217. | Ghana, Western Region | NHMO |
| galbiplatella Park, 2021: 594. | Uganda, Kabale | NHMO |
| hylodes Park, 2019—Park et al., 2019: 219. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| leifaarviki Park, 2019—Park et al., 2019: 223. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | NHMO |
| loxocasis Meyrick, 1938: 18. | DR Congo, N. Kivu | RMCA |
| nausicaa Meyrick, 1926: 288. | DR Congo, Marungu Plat | NHMUK |
| neuroplaca (Meyrick, 1933: 359) (Idiopteryx). | Zambia, Zambezi-Congo | NHMUK |
| pilosa Park, 2019—Park et al., 2019: 212. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| porphyrea Ghesquière, 1940: 107. | DR Congo, Equateur | RMCA |
| purpurea Walsingham, 1897: 38. | Nigeria, Lagos | NHMUK |
| ruicheensis Park & Karisch, 2021: 590. | Equatorial Guinea, Isl. Bioko | SDEI |
| serangota Meyrick, 1932: 205. | Uganda, Kampala | NHMUK |
| subcucullata Park, 2019: 224. | Cameroon, Efulen | CMNH |
| vokaensis Park, 2019: 215. | Congo Rep., Pool Region | CMNH |
Table 8.
Species list of Spiniola Park with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| hanaro Park, 2021: 578. | Malawi, Mulanje | NHMO |
Table 9.
Species list of Thubana Walker with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| amphisticta Meyrick, 1914: 279. | Mozambique, Mt. Mlanje | NHMUK |
Table 10.
Species list of Thubdora Park with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| aciphalla Park, 2018: 1090. | Congo Rep., Pool, Voka | NMNH |
| acutalis Park, 2018: 1088. | Congo Rep., Pool, Voka | CMNH |
| afropyralidis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 454. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | CMNH |
| ambliodes Park, 2018: 1091. | Cameroon, Efulen | CMNH |
| angustiala Park& Karisch, 2021: 587. | Equatorial Guinea, Bioko | SDEI |
| barbata (Meyrick, 1933: 356). | DR Congo, Haut-Uele | RMCA |
| bilobella Park, 2018: 1089. | Cameroon, Efulen | CMNH |
| biocoica Park & Karisch, 2021: 583. | Cameroon, Efulen | MNVD |
| brachysema (Meyrick, 1938: 18). | DR Congo, Orientale | NHMUK |
| bythota (Meyrick, 1916: 576). | Ghana, Gold Coast, Aburi | NHMUK |
| cameroona Park, 2018: 1093. | Cameroon, Efulen | CMNH |
| corystos Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 471. | Uganda, Mpigi. | MNHO |
| crocophracta (Meyrick, 1938: 18). | DR Congo, Orientale | NHMUK |
| cuneiformis Park & Karisch, 2022—Park et al., 2022b: 365. | Ivory Coast, Montagne | SDEI |
| ealaensis Park & De Prins, 2019: 455. | DR. Congo, Equateur, Eala | RMCA |
| elgozmanyi Park, 2021: 591. | Uganda, Kabale | NHMO |
| forficatalis Park & Cho, 2021: 401. | Tanzania, Kigoma | NHMO |
| fruticosa Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 458. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| ghesquierei Park & De Prins, 2019: 456. | DR Congo, Equateur, Eala | RMCA |
| gladiator Park & De Prins, 2019: 457. | DR Congo, Katanga | RMCA |
| ivoryensis Park & Karisch, 2022—Park et al., 2022b: 360. | Ivory Coast, Montagne | SDEI |
| kapangaensis Park & De Prins, 2019: 459. | DR. Congo, Katanga | RMCA |
| kibalensis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 459. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | NHMO |
| klenodes Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 461. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| laticucullusa Park, 2023—Park et al., 2023: 9. | Ghana, Bia nat. Park | TMCA |
| latidiscalis Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 462. | Uganda, Kibale Natl. Park | MfN |
| mirinae Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 463. | Uganda, Mpigi. | MfN |
| mufindiensis Park & Cho, 2021: 402. | Tanzania, Mufindi | NHMO |
| muhezaica Park, 2022—Park & Koo, 2022: 5. | Tanzania, Meheza | NHMO |
| narusia Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 475. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| nemophorella (Ghesquière, 1940: 107). | DR Congo, Equateur, Eala | RMCA |
| nemorosa Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 465. | Uganda, Mpigi | NIBR |
| neobarbata Park & De Prins, 2019: 460. | DR Congo, Equateur | RMCA |
| nubidiella Park, 2023—Park et al., 2023: 10. | Ghana, Bia Nat. Park | RMCA |
| ochrospilosa Park & Cho, 2021: 404. | Tanzania, Morogoro | NHMO |
| onsemiro Park, 2021: 591. | Uganda, Kabale, Ruhija | NHMO |
| pulchella Park & Karisch, 2022—Park et al., 2022b: 362. | Ivory Coast, Montagne | SDEI |
| retusivalva Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 467. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| seydeli Park & De Prins, 2019: 4652. | DR Congo, Elisabethville | RMCA |
| tanzaniana Park & Cho, 2021: 405. | Tanzania, Morogor | NHMO |
| tonkpiensis Park & Karisch, 2022—Park et al., 2022b: 363. | Ivory Coast, Montagne | SDEI |
| trigonoides Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 476. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| umbratilis Park, 2020—Park et al. 2020: 468. | Uganda, Mpigi | MfN |
| vernaculella Park & Karisch, 2021: 585. | Equatorial Guinea, Bioko | MNVD |
| villosiphalla Park, 2020—Park et al., 2020: 479. | Uganda, Mpigi | NIBR |
| wooriana Park, 2020: 469—Park et al., 2020. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | NHMO |
Table 11.
Species list of Torodora Meyrick with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| amplignathosa Park & De Prins, 2019: 463. | DR Congo, Katanga | RMCA |
| batillana Park & Koo, 2022: 580. | Kenya, Central | NHMUK |
| chrysotes Park & Koo, 2022: 582. | Uganda, Mpigi | MfN |
| efulenensis Park, 2018: 1086. | Cameroon, Efulen | CMNH |
| hybrista (Meyrick, 1922) | Senegal, Kati | MNHN |
| lichanosa Park & De Prins, 2019: 465. | DR Congo, Katanga | RMCA |
| manalis Park & Koo, 2021: 584. | Uganda, Kibale Nat. Park | MfN |
| melanonota Park & Koo, 2021: 407. | Tanzania, Morogoro | NHMO |
| monobyrsa Meyrick, 1931: 80 (Lecithocera). | Uganda, Madi | NHMUK |
| nixcrinis Park, 2022—Park & Koo, 2022: 4. | Tanzania, Morogoro | NHMO |
| ochrometra (Meyrick, 1933: 356) (Lecithocera). | Zambia, N. Rhodesia | NHMUK |
| planusa Park & De Prins, 2019: 465. | DR Congo, Equateur | RMCA |
| semnodora (Meyrick, 1933: 357) (Lecithocera). | DR Congo, Katanga | RMCA |
| triloba Park & De Prins, 2019: 467. | DR Congo, Orientale | RMCA |
Note. Ghesquiere (1940) reported T. iresia Meyrick, 1911 from DR Congo [28], but it is not included herein, due to its uncertain distributional information.
Table 12.
Species list of Viperinus Park with the type locality and depository of the types.
| Species | Type Locality | Depository |
|---|---|---|
| orbiosa Park & Koo, 2021: 360. | Kenya, Rift Valley | NHMO |
| pycnoistus Park & Koo, 2021: 363. | Uganda, Murchison Fall N.P. | NHMUK |
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MDPI and ACS Style
Park, K.-T. Diversity of the Subfamily Torodorinae (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae) in Afrotropical Region. Taxonomy 2025, 5, 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5010004
AMA Style
Park K-T. Diversity of the Subfamily Torodorinae (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae) in Afrotropical Region. Taxonomy. 2025; 5(1):4. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5010004
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Kyu-Tek. 2025. "Diversity of the Subfamily Torodorinae (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae) in Afrotropical Region" Taxonomy 5, no. 1: 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5010004
APA StylePark, K.-T. (2025). Diversity of the Subfamily Torodorinae (Lepidoptera: Lecithoceridae) in Afrotropical Region. Taxonomy, 5(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/taxonomy5010004
