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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Molar–Incisor Hypomineralisation: Possible Aetiological Factors and Their Association with Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars—A Pilot Study

by
Carolina Díaz-Hernández
1,†,
Gloria Saavedra-Marbán
1,†,
Nuria Esther Gallardo-López
1,
Manuel Joaquín de Nova-García
1,
Nere Zurro-Arrazola
1 and
Antonia María Caleya
1,2,*,†
1
Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
2
Griñón Health Center (Madrid Health Service; SERMAS), 28971 Madrid, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Oral 2025, 5(4), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5040104
Submission received: 1 October 2025 / Revised: 21 November 2025 / Accepted: 12 December 2025 / Published: 16 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Dental Health, 2nd Edition)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) is a developmental defect affecting permanent first molars and often the incisors too. Hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM) have been proposed as potential early indicators of MIH. Aim: The aim was to identify potential aetiological factors associated with MIH and assess their relationship with HSPM in a pilot study. Methods: A cross-sectional case–control study was conducted with 120 patients (60 cases and 60 controls), aged 7–15 years, from the Paediatric Dentistry Postgraduate Programme. MIH was diagnosed following European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) guidelines. Parents completed a structured questionnaire on potential aetiological factors. Results: MIH was significantly associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy (p = 0.013), birth hypoxia (p = 0.013) and the use of amoxicillin and inhalation therapy during infancy (p < 0.001). It was also associated with tonsillitis (p = 0.022), bronchiolitis (p = 0.005) and other respiratory disorders (p = 0.049). HSPM was associated with anaemia and hypotension during pregnancy (p = 0.001), bottle-feeding (p = 0.044) and urinary tract infections (p = 0.003). No statistically significant association was found between MIH and HSPM. Conclusions: This pilot study has identified specific prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors associated with MIH and HSPM. The findings emphasise the clinical relevance for early diagnosis and management and highlight the need for studies with larger sample sizes to validate these associations.
Keywords: molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH); hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM); enamel defects; developmental dental anomalies; paediatric dentistry molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH); hypomineralised second primary molars (HSPM); enamel defects; developmental dental anomalies; paediatric dentistry

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MDPI and ACS Style

Díaz-Hernández, C.; Saavedra-Marbán, G.; Gallardo-López, N.E.; de Nova-García, M.J.; Zurro-Arrazola, N.; Caleya, A.M. Molar–Incisor Hypomineralisation: Possible Aetiological Factors and Their Association with Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars—A Pilot Study. Oral 2025, 5, 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5040104

AMA Style

Díaz-Hernández C, Saavedra-Marbán G, Gallardo-López NE, de Nova-García MJ, Zurro-Arrazola N, Caleya AM. Molar–Incisor Hypomineralisation: Possible Aetiological Factors and Their Association with Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars—A Pilot Study. Oral. 2025; 5(4):104. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5040104

Chicago/Turabian Style

Díaz-Hernández, Carolina, Gloria Saavedra-Marbán, Nuria Esther Gallardo-López, Manuel Joaquín de Nova-García, Nere Zurro-Arrazola, and Antonia María Caleya. 2025. "Molar–Incisor Hypomineralisation: Possible Aetiological Factors and Their Association with Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars—A Pilot Study" Oral 5, no. 4: 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5040104

APA Style

Díaz-Hernández, C., Saavedra-Marbán, G., Gallardo-López, N. E., de Nova-García, M. J., Zurro-Arrazola, N., & Caleya, A. M. (2025). Molar–Incisor Hypomineralisation: Possible Aetiological Factors and Their Association with Hypomineralised Second Primary Molars—A Pilot Study. Oral, 5(4), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/oral5040104

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