Industrial Biotechnology Conservation Processes: Similarities with Natural Long-Term Preservation of Biological Organisms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Cryopreservation of Biological Tissues and Cells: Principles and Application in Cytotherapies
3. Natural Forms of Environment-Mediated Cryopreservation and Freezing Tolerance
4. Lyophilization: Principles and Application for Temperature-Stabilized Cytotherapeutic Derivatives
5. Natural Cycles of Active Life and Latent Life: Animal, Plant, and Microorganism Dormancy
6. Origins and Evolution of Biological Lifeforms: Primordial Environment-Related Considerations
7. Similarities between Industrial Biotechnology Conservation Processes and Natural Long-Term Preservation of Biological Organisms
8. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cryopreservation Process Phases | Involved Methods & Operator Manipulations | Physical Processes & Techniques | Risks & Possible Damage to the Cells |
---|---|---|---|
| Formulation adaptation, solvent addition, bulk cell suspension dilution & dispensing in vials 1 | Homogenization of samples in cell cryopreservation medium; vial filling | Direct cytotoxicity of cryopreservation medium; mechanical damage to the cells during processing |
| Controlled-rate or flash lowering of sample temperature down to –80 °C or –196 °C 2 | Sample water phase transition from liquid to solid, in crystalline and/or amorphous physical state 3 | Formation of ice crystals incurring mechanical damages to the cells; solution effects or pH changes causing cytotoxicity |
| Immersion in the vapor phase or liquid phase of liquid nitrogen and steady storage temperature maintenance | Cooling of the frozen samples down to cryogenic temperatures | Non-reversible slowing or arrest of cellular metabolic processes; undesired thawing due to equipment malfunction |
| Retrieval of frozen samples from storage and rapid thawing at 37 °C 4 | Sample water phase transition from solid to liquid | Slow sample warming and thawing causing mechanical stress to the cells or chemical cytotoxicity; solution effects or pH changes causing cytotoxicity |
Lyophilization Process Phases | Involved Methods & Manipulations | Physical Processes & Techniques | Risks & Possible Damage to the Cells |
---|---|---|---|
| Sample concentration, formulation adaptation, solvent removal, surface area optimization | Dialysis, filtration, evaporation, extraction, homogenization of the sample in lyophilization medium | Mechanical or thermal damage; chemical cytotoxicity |
| Dispensing of the sample wet bulk in trays, recipients, or vials 1 | Liquid dispensing and homogenization of the sample | Mechanical damage to the cells |
| Slow controlled-rate cooling or rapid freezing below the triple point and eutectic point of the sample | Sample water phase transition from liquid to solid, creation of a crystalline and/or amorphous solid phase | Formation of ice crystals incurring mechanical damage to the cells; solution effects or pH changes causing cytotoxicity |
| Temperature cycling | Reorganization of water in the solid phase | Formation of ice crystals incurring mechanical damage to the cells |
| Physical transfer of the batch to the freeze-dryer shelves 2 | NA | NA |
| Low-temperature energy provision by conduction, convection, or radiation | Sample unbound water phase transition from solid to gaseous state (sublimation) | Meltback or collapse of the sample; physical damage to the cells |
| High-temperature energy provision by conduction, convection, or radiation | Sample bound water desorption | Too much water removal; collapse of whole sample or of the cells |
| Physical transfer of the sample batch from the freeze-dryer shelves 3 | NA | NA |
| Solid sample dry bulk processing or powder handling | Homogenization of the dry bulk | Mechanical damage to the cells |
| Transfer of the batch to a defined storage environment | NA | Degradation due to inappropriate conditioning or storage |
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Laurent, A.; Scaletta, C.; Abdel-Sayed, P.; Raffoul, W.; Hirt-Burri, N.; Applegate, L.A. Industrial Biotechnology Conservation Processes: Similarities with Natural Long-Term Preservation of Biological Organisms. BioTech 2023, 12, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech12010015
Laurent A, Scaletta C, Abdel-Sayed P, Raffoul W, Hirt-Burri N, Applegate LA. Industrial Biotechnology Conservation Processes: Similarities with Natural Long-Term Preservation of Biological Organisms. BioTech. 2023; 12(1):15. https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech12010015
Chicago/Turabian StyleLaurent, Alexis, Corinne Scaletta, Philippe Abdel-Sayed, Wassim Raffoul, Nathalie Hirt-Burri, and Lee Ann Applegate. 2023. "Industrial Biotechnology Conservation Processes: Similarities with Natural Long-Term Preservation of Biological Organisms" BioTech 12, no. 1: 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech12010015