Traveler Motivation and Destination Loyalty: Visiting Sacred Places in Central Asia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Religion and Tourism
2.2. Sacred Spaces in the City of Turkestan
2.3. Research Method and Data Collection
3. Results
3.1. Factor Analysis
3.2. Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Durán-Sánchez, A.; Álvarez García, J.; Rio Rama, D.; Oliveira, C. Religious tourism and pilgrimage: Bibliometric overview. Religions 2018, 9, 249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Kamenidou, I.; Vourou, R. Motivation factors for visiting religious sites: The case of Lesvos Island. Eur. J. Tour. Res. 2015, 9, 78–91. [Google Scholar]
- Winter, C. Pilgrims and votives at war memorials: A vow to remember. Ann. Tour. Res. 2019, 76, 117–128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackowski, A.; Smith, V.L. Polish pilgrim-tourists. Ann. Tour. Res. 1992, 19, 92–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas, S.; White, G.R.T.; Samuel, A. To pray and to play: Post-postmodern pilgrimage at Lourdes. Tour. Manag. 2018, 68, 412–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sallnow, M.J. Pilgrims of the Andes: Regional Cults in Cusco; Koninklijke Brill: Leiden, The Netherlands, 1987. [Google Scholar]
- Shtudiner, Z.; Klein, G.; Zwilling, M.; Kantor, J. The value of souvenirs: Endowment effect and religion. Ann. Tour. Res. 2019, 74, 17–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liutikas, D. The manifestation of values and identity in travelling: The social engagement of pilgrimage. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2017, 24, 217–224. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ono, A.; Kawamura, S.; Nishimori, Y.; Oguro, Y.; Shimizu, R.; Yamamoto, S. Anime pilgrimage in Japan: Focusing social influences as determinants. Tour. Manag. 2020, 76, 103935. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ambrosio, V. Sacred pilgrimage and tourism as secular pilgrimage. In Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Festivals Management: An International Perspective; CAB International: Wallingford, UK, 2007; pp. 78–89. [Google Scholar]
- Becker, E. Tour-guiding as a pious place-making practice: The case of the Sehitlik Mosque, Berlin. Ann. Tour. Res. 2018, 73, 81–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bozic, S.; Spasojevic, B.; Vujicic, M.D.; Stamenkovic, I. Exploring the Motives of Religious Travel by Applying the Ahp Method—The Case Study of Monastery Vujan (Serbia). Int. J. Relig. Tour. Pilgr. 2016, 4, 33–47. [Google Scholar]
- Cheera, J.M.; Belhassen, Y.; Kujawac, J. The search for spirituality in tourism: Toward a conceptual framework for spiritual tourism. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2017, 24, 252–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olsen, D.H. A scalar comparison of motivations and expectations of experience within the religious tourism market. Int. J. Relig. Tour. Pilgr. 2013, 1, 41–61. [Google Scholar]
- Ron, A. Towards a typological model of contemporary Christian travel. J. Herit. Tour. 2009, 4, 287–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Santos, M.D.G.M.P. Religious tourism: Contributions towards a clarification of concepts. In Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: ATLAS Special Interest Group, Proceedings of the 1st Expert Meeting, Fátima, Portugal, 23–27 April 2003; Fernandes, C., McGettigan, F., Edwards, J., Eds.; Tourism Board of Leiria/Fátima: Fátima, Portugal, 2003; pp. 27–42. [Google Scholar]
- Stoddard, R.H.; Morinis, E.A. (Eds.) Sacred Places, Sacred Spaces: The Geography of Pilgrimages; Louisiana State University Press: Baton Rouge, MD, USA, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Swatos, W.H. From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism; Swatos, W.H., Tomasi, L., Eds.; Praeger: Westport, CT, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Timothy, D.J.; Olsen, D.H. Tourism and religious journeys. In Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 1–21. [Google Scholar]
- Casaisa, B.; Sousab, B. Heterogeneity of motivations and conflicts in pilgrim-to-pilgrim interaction: A research on the way of Saint James. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2020, 36, 100748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Tourism Market. World Travel Market 2017 Industry Report; World Tourism Market: Richmond, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Global GDP Data from: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2016 Edition. Available online: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/01/weodata/index.aspx (accessed on 20 October 2020).
- Nikolova, G. Reporting from WTM London: Trends, Disruption, and Innovation Discussed at This Year’s Adventure Connect. Adventure Travel Mews. 2017. Available online: https://www.adventuretravelnews.com/reporting-from-wtm-london-trends-disruption-and-innovation-discussed-at-this-years-adventureconnect (accessed on 14 November 2017).
- Rahman, M.K.; Zailani, S.; Musa, G. What travel motivational factors influence Muslim tourists towards MMITD? J. Islamic Mark. 2017, 8, 48–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baum, G. Solidarity with the poor. In The Lab, the Temple, and the Market; Harper, S.M.P., Ed.; International Development Research Centre: Ottawa, QC, Canada, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Moufahim, M.; Lichrou, M. Pilgrimage, consumption and rituals: Spiritual authenticity in a Shia Muslim pilgrimage. Tour. Manag. 2019, 70, 322–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terzidou, M.; Scarles, C.; Saunders, M.N.K. The complexities of religious tourism motivations: Sacred places, vows and visions. Ann. Tour. Res. 2018, 70, 54–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terzidou, M.; Stylidis, D.; Terzidis, K. The role of visual media in religious tourists’ destination image, choice, and on-site experience: The case of Tinos, Greece. J. Travel Tour. Mark. 2018, 35, 306–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hauser-Schaublin, B. Temples and tourism: Between adaptation, resistance and surrender? Rima 1998, 32, 144–178. [Google Scholar]
- Tomasi, L. Homo viator: From pilgrimage to religious tourism via the journey. In From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism; Swatos, W.H., Tomasi, L., Eds.; Praeger: Westport, CT, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.-C.; Chen, P.-J.; Shi, H.; Shi, W. Travel for mindfulness through Zen retreat experience: A case study at Donghua Zen Temple. Tour. Manag. 2021, 83, 104211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Apollo, M.; Wengel, Y.; Schanzel, H.; Musa, G. Hinduism, Ecological Conservation, and Public Health: What Are the Health Hazards for Religious Tourists at Hindu Temples? Religions 2020, 11, 416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moal-Ulvoas, G. Positive emotions and spirituality in older travelers. Ann. Tour. Res. 2017, 66, 151–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Global Wellness Institute. 2017 Global Wellness Economy Monitor. Available online: https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/industry-research/global-wellness-economy-monitor-2017/ (accessed on 12 July 2020).
- Pyke, S.; Hartwell, H.; Blake, A.; Hemingway, A. Exploring well-being as a tourism product resource. Tour. Manag. 2016, 55, 94–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Reisinger, Y. Transformational Tourism Tourist Perspectives; CABI: Wallingford, UK, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Koncul, N. Wellness: A new mode of tourism. Econ. Res. 2012, 25, 525–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Collins-Kreiner, N.; Gatrell, J.D. Tourism, heritage and pilgrimage: The case of Haifa’s Bahá’I Gardens. J. Herit. Tour. 2006, 1, 32–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eliade, M. The Sacred and the Profane: The Nature of Religion; Harper & Row: New York, NY, USA, 1961. [Google Scholar]
- Eade, J. Pilgrimage and tourism at Lourdes, France. Ann. Tour. Res. 1992, 19, 18–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Graburn, N.H.H. Tourism: The sacred journey. In Hosts and Guests: The Anthropology of Tourism; Smith, V.L., Ed.; University of Pennsylvania Press: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- Holmberg, C.B. Spiritual pilgrimages: Traditional and hyperreal motivations for travel and tourism. Vis. Leis. Bus. 1993, 12, 18–27. [Google Scholar]
- Turner, V. Liminality and the performance genres. In Rite, Drama, Festival, Spectacle: Rehearsals Toward a Theory of Cultural Performance; MacAloon, J.J., Ed.; Institute for the Study of Human Issues: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 1984; pp. 19–41. [Google Scholar]
- Smith, V.L. Introduction: The quest in guest. Ann. Tour. Res. 1992, 19, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Sousa, D. Tourism and pilgrimage: Tourists as pilgrims? Contours 1993, 6, 4–8. [Google Scholar]
- Kujawa, J. Spiritual tourism as a quest. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2017, 24, 193–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terzidou, M.; Scarles, C.; Saunders, M.N.K. Religiousness as tourist performances: A case study of Greek Orthodox pilgrimage. Ann. Tour. Res. 2017, 66, 116–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef][Green Version]
- Kaelber, L. The sociology of Medieval pilgrimage: Contested views and shifting boundaries. In From Medieval Pilgrimage to Religious Tourism; Swatos, W.H., Tomasi, L., Eds.; Praeger: Westport, CT, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Raj, R. Motivation for Muslim Travelers to the Holy City of Jerusalem. Int. J. Relig. Tour. Pilgr. 2020, 8, 1–11. [Google Scholar]
- Digance, J. Religious and secular pilgrimage: Journeys redolent with meaning. In Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys; Timothy, D.J., Olsen, D.H., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 36–48. [Google Scholar]
- Bremer, T.S. Sacred spaces and tourism places. In Tourism, Religion and Spiritual Journeys; Timothy, D.J., Olsen, D.H., Eds.; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2006; pp. 25–35. [Google Scholar]
- Central Asia Travel. 2020. Available online: https://www.centralasia-travel.com/upload/map/kazakh-uzbek-tour-map-en.jpg (accessed on 10 November 2020).
- Kettani, H. Muslim population in Asia: 1950–2020. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Dev. 2010, 1, 143–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pew Research Center. The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010–2050; Pew Research Center on Religion and Public Life: Washington, DC, USA, 2015; Available online: http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/ (accessed on 24 August 2018).
- Cornell, S.E. Central Asia: Where Did Islamic Radicalization Go? In Religion, Conflict, and Stability in the Former Soviet Union; Migacheva, K., Frederick, B., Eds.; RAND Corporation: Santa Monica, CA, USA, 2018; pp. 65–96. [Google Scholar]
- Kassenova, N. Kazakhstan: Islamic Revival and Trajectories of State-Society Relations. In Religion, Conflict, and Stability in the Former Soviet Union; Migacheva, K., Frederick, B., Eds.; RAND Corporation: Santa Monica, CA, USA, 2018; pp. 115–136. [Google Scholar]
- Salmorbekova, Z.; Yemelianova, G. Islam and Islamism in the Ferghana Valley. In Radical Islam in the Former Soviet Union; Yemelianova, G., Ed.; Routledge: London, UK; New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 213–214. [Google Scholar]
- UNESCO. National Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan for UNESCO. 2017. Available online: http://old.unesco.kz/natcom/turkestan/r06_yassy_city.htm (accessed on 26 March 2018).
- Oppermann, M. Triangulation: A methodological discussion. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2000, 2, 141–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bazeley, P. Issues in mixing qualitative and quantitative approaches to research. In Applying Qualitative Methods to Marketing Management Research; Palgrave Macmillan: London, UK, 2004; pp. 141–156. [Google Scholar]
- Bryman, A. Social Research Methods; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Johnson, R.B.; Onwuegbuzie, A.J.; Turner, L.A. Toward a definition of mixed methods research. J. Mix. Methods Res. 2007, 1, 112–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leech, N.L.; Onwuegbuzie, A.J. A typology of mixed methods research designs. Qual. Quant. 2009, 43, 265–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onwuegbuzie, A.J.; Leech, N.L. A call for qualitative power analyses: Considerations in qualitative research. Qual. Quant. Int. J. Methodol. 2007, 41, 105–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onwuegbuzie, A.J.; Collins, K.M.T. A typology of mixed methods sampling designs in social science research. Qual. Rep. 2007, 12, 281–316.22. [Google Scholar]
- Guest, G.; Bunce, A.; Johnson, L. How many interviews are enough? An experiment with data saturation and variability. Field Methods 2006, 18, 59–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saunders, B.; Sim, J.; Kingstone, T.; Baker, S.; Waterfield, J.; Bartlam, B.; Burroughs, H.; Jinks, C. Saturation in qualitative research: Exploring its conceptualization and operationalization. Qual. Quant. 2018, 52, 1893–1907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schreier, M. Qualitative Content Analysis in Practice; Sage: London, UK, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Yoon, Y.; Uysal, M. An examination of the effects of motivation and satisfaction on destination loyalty: A structural model. Tour. Manag. 2005, 26, 45–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- DeVellis, R.F. Scale Development: Theory and Applications, 2nd ed.; Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Netemeyer, R.G.; Bearden, W.O.; Sharma, S. Scaling Procedures: Issues and Applications; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Fornell, C.; Larcker, D.F. Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. J. Mark. Res. 1981, 18, 382–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bakogiannis, E.; Siti, M.; Vassi, A.; Christodoulopoulou, G.; Kyriakidis, C. Case Studies and Sustainable Urban Mobility research schemes: A communication channel among researchers and interdisciplinary community groups. Int. J. Serv. Sci. Manag. Eng. 2014, 1, 42–51. [Google Scholar]
- Asi, L.M.U.; Blanco, C.L.S.; Castillo, R.C.; Lacorte, P.M.; Lumbera, M.D.; Moneda, C.J.B. Religious tourism in Batangas, Philippines. Asia Pac. J. Multidiscip. Res. 2015, 3, 58–66. [Google Scholar]
- Raj, R. Religious tourist’s motivation for visiting religious sites. Int. J. Tour. Policy 2012, 14, 95–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raj, R.; Dino, B. Pilgrimage experience and consumption of travel to the City of Makkah for Hajj Ritual. Int. J. Relig. Tour. Pilgr. 2015, 3, 38–45. [Google Scholar]
- Bowers, H.; Cheer, J.M. Yoga tourism: Commodification and western embracement of eastern spiritual practice. Tour. Manag. Perspect. 2017, 24, 208–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rana, V. Motives and experiences of foreign (Yoga & Spiritual) tourist visiting Rishikesh. Int. J. Res. Educ. 2015, 4, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
1950 | 1960 | 1970 | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2040 | 2050 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uzbekistan | |||||||||||
Population | 6.314 | 8.559 | 11.973 | 15.952 | 20.515 | 24.776 | 27.794 | 31.080 | 33.790 | 35.300 | 36.110 |
Muslims | 5.316 | 6.947 | 9.920 | 13.650 | 18.164 | 23.859 | 26.766 | 30.180 | 32.900 | 34.500 | 35.300 |
Muslims % | 84.20 | 81.17 | 82.85 | 85.57 | 88.54 | 96.30 | 96.30 | 97.10 | 97.37 | 97.73 | 97.76 |
Kazakhstan | |||||||||||
Population | 6.703 | 9.996 | 13.110 | 14.919 | 16.530 | 14.957 | 15.753 | 17.880 | 19.240 | 20.500 | 21.680 |
Muslims | 2.891 | 3.733 | 5.096 | 6.403 | 7.807 | 9.206 | 11.161 | 12.870 | 14.190 | 15.510 | 16.770 |
Muslims % | 43.13 | 37.34 | 38.87 | 42.92 | 47.23 | 61.55 | 70.85 | 71.98 | 73.75 | 75.66 | 77.35 |
Tajikistan | |||||||||||
Population | 1.532 | 2.082 | 2.942 | 3.953 | 5.303 | 6.173 | 7.075 | 8.430 | 9.910 | 11.170 | 12.280 |
Muslims | 1.356 | 1.702 | 2.469 | 3.404 | 4.759 | 6.088 | 6.978 | 8.130 | 9.540 | 10.750 | 11.800 |
Muslims % | 88.51 | 81.72 | 83.95 | 86.11 | 89.74 | 98.63 | 98.63 | 96.44 | 96.27 | 96.24 | 96.09 |
Kyrgyzstan | |||||||||||
Population | 1.740 | 2.173 | 2.964 | 3.627 | 4.395 | 4.955 | 5.550 | 6.190 | 6.940 | 7.630 | 8.220 |
Muslims | 1.181 | 1.288 | 1.837 | 2.414 | 3.170 | 4.217 | 5.049 | 5.540 | 6.280 | 6.980 | 7.600 |
Muslims % | 67.86 | 59.28 | 61.97 | 66.56 | 72.13 | 85.10 | 90.97 | 89.50 | 90.49 | 91.48 | 92.46 |
Turkmenistan | |||||||||||
Population | 1.211 | 1.594 | 2.188 | 2.861 | 3.668 | 4.502 | 5.177 | 5.740 | 6.300 | 6.680 | 6.910 |
Muslims | 0.930 | 1.250 | 1.783 | 2.402 | 3.249 | 4.191 | 4.819 | 5.340 | 5.850 | 6.210 | 6.420 |
Muslims % | 76.81 | 78.44 | 81.45 | 83.97 | 88.58 | 93.09 | 93.09 | 93.03 | 92.86 | 92.96 | 92.91 |
Total Central Asia | |||||||||||
Population | 17.499 | 24.403 | 33.177 | 41.312 | 50.411 | 55.362 | 61.349 | 69.320 | 76.180 | 81.280 | 85.200 |
Muslims | 11.674 | 14.919 | 21.105 | 28.274 | 37.149 | 47.560 | 54.773 | 62.060 | 68.760 | 73.950 | 77.890 |
Muslims % | 66.71 | 61.14 | 63.61 | 68.44 | 73.69 | 85.91 | 89.2 | 89.53 | 90.26 | 90.98 | 91.42 |
Variable | Category | Percent (Population) |
---|---|---|
Gender | Male Female | 38.4% (81) 61.6% (130) |
Age | Younger than 30 30 to 50 years old Older than 50 | 34.6% (73) 52.6% (111) 11.8% (27) |
Income | Below average Average Above average | 35.5% (75) 49.3% (104) 15.2% (32) |
Factor (F)/Item | Loading |
---|---|
F1: Cultural and Historic Motives | |
I like exploring the legends and interesting stories about a place. | 0.545 |
Authentic experiences help me understand the cultural heritage of my people. | 0.745 |
I like to expand my knowledge when I visit a sacred site. | 0.787 |
I am interested in the history of sacred sites. | 0.745 |
I am interested in the historical figures who were connected to sacred sites. | 0.721 |
F2: Spiritual and Religious Motives | |
I do enjoy my trips to sacred sites because it releases my spiritual potential. | 0.709 |
When I visit sacred sites, I seek the meaning of my life and my being. | 0.744 |
When I travel to sacred sites, I feel a closeness to and with something sacred. | 0.718 |
Travel to sacred sites offers me a new reality that replaces my existing reality. | 0.691 |
Visiting sacred sites allows me to express love and respect for God. | 0.559 |
I always pray at the sacred site. | 0.574 |
F3: Fun and Social Contact | |
I enjoy time with my family and friends during a trip. | 0.672 |
Travel to sacred sites allows for meeting new interesting people. | 0.733 |
Nice and helpful local residents really make me feel welcome. | 0.619 |
I like to choose between many different activities on a sacred site tourist destination. | 0.605 |
I like participating in activities and rituals at sacred sites. | 0.623 |
I enjoy local food and drinks in a tourist destination. | 0.518 |
F4: Nature | |
I enjoy the beautiful landscape and the beauty of the nature. | 0.710 |
I like to escape from the city to breathe fresh air. | 0.614 |
Travel to the sacred site offers nice views. | 0.629 |
I like the mix of picturesque mountains and endless steppes. | 0.527 |
On the trip, I enjoy watching wild animals and birds. | 0.568 |
F5: Wellness and Healing | |
Travel to sacred sites purifies my mind and improves my mental health. | 0.645 |
Travel to sacred sites relieves stress and harmonizes my emotions. | 0.711 |
At sacred sites, God is closer to help with problems incurable by traditional medicine. | 0.763 |
Travel to sacred sites heals my body. | 0.734 |
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients | Standardized Coefficients | t | Sig. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | |||
(Constant) | −0.107 | 0.153 | −0.696 | 0.487 | |
F1: Culture & History | 0.152 | 0.062 | 0.146 | 2.444 | 0.015 * |
F2: Spiritual & Religious | 0.637 | 0.067 | 0.593 | 9.477 | 0.000 * |
F3: Fun & Social Contact | 0.060 | 0.071 | 0.051 | 0.843 | 0.400 |
F4: Nature | 0.042 | 0.070 | 0.036 | 0.602 | 0.548 |
F5: Wellness & Healing | 0.142 | 0.053 | 0.131 | 2.649 | 0.009 * |
Travel Motivation Factors | Mean | Std. Deviation |
---|---|---|
DL (Destination Loyalty) | 3.5024 | 0.90230 |
F1: Culture & History | 3.4171 | 0.86569 |
F2: Spiritual & Religious | 3.5324 | 0.84021 |
F3: Fun & Social Contact | 3.4092 | 0.77616 |
F4: Nature | 3.5081 | 0.78175 |
F5: Wellness & Healing | 3.4573 | 0.83271 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rybina, L.; Lee, T.J. Traveler Motivation and Destination Loyalty: Visiting Sacred Places in Central Asia. Tour. Hosp. 2021, 2, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp2010001
Rybina L, Lee TJ. Traveler Motivation and Destination Loyalty: Visiting Sacred Places in Central Asia. Tourism and Hospitality. 2021; 2(1):1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleRybina, Liza, and Timothy J. Lee. 2021. "Traveler Motivation and Destination Loyalty: Visiting Sacred Places in Central Asia" Tourism and Hospitality 2, no. 1: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp2010001