Accepting the Digital Challenge: Business Models and Audience Participation in Online Native Media
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Birth and Integration of the Media on the Internet
2.1. Online Journalism in Spain
2.2. Challenges and Opportunities for Online Journalism
3. Method
4. Results
4.1. Eldiario.es
4.2. El Confidencial
4.3. El Español
4.4. Tortoise Media
4.5. De Correspondent
- According to the user’s career, job, or field of expertise, the newsroom can contact them in order to ask for help on a specific topic—share knowledge, experiences, and so on.
- Subscribers can also contact the newsroom if they have information about an issue that should be/deserves to be addressed or investigated.
- Members, as experts in a specific issue, can be requested to review an article prior to its publication.
- Members could also be asked to answer other members’ questions about a particular topic or story.
- They can share and post their own opinions and thoughts about particular topics on the so-called “Conversations” section. However, if possible, De Correspondent recommends mentioning sources and adding references. Thus, members become contributors, participants, and even collaborators.
4.6. Mediapart
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Brandtzaeg, Petter Bae, Asbjørn Følstad, and María Ángeles Chaparro Domínguez. 2017. How Journalists and Social Media Users Perceive Online Fact-Checking and Verification Services. Journalism Practice 12: 1109–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carlson, David. 2003. The History of Online Journalism. In Digital Journalism: Emerging Media and the Changing Horizons of Journalism. Edited by Kevin Kawamoto. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 31–55. [Google Scholar]
- Carpes da Silva, Giuliander, and Gabriela Gruszynski Sanseverino. 2020. Business Model Innovation in News Media: Fostering New Relationships to Stimulate Support from Readers. Media and Communication 8: 28–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cores, Rafael. 2004. Infográficos Multimedia: El Mejor Ejemplo de Noticias Hipertextuales. Mediaccionline. Available online: https://infoguay.wikispaces.com/file/view/infografia_multimedia.pdf (accessed on 5 December 2016).
- Cottle, Simon, and Mark Ashton. 1999. From BBC Newsroom to BBC Newscentre: On Changing Technology and Journalist Practices. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 5: 22–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crucianelli, Sandra. 2013. ¿Qué Es El Periodismo de Datos? Cuadernos de Periodistas. June 8. Available online: http://www.cuadernosdeperiodistas.com/que-es-el-periodismo-de-datos/ (accessed on 10 December 2016).
- Díaz-Noci, Javier. 2005. Historia de Los Cibermedios En España. In Cibermedios. El Impacto de Internet En Los Medios de Comunicación En España. Edited by Ramón Salaverría. Sevilla: Comunicación Social Ediciones y Publicaciones, pp. 21–38. [Google Scholar]
- Díaz-Noci, Javier, and Koldo Meso-Ayerdi. 1998. Desarrollo Del Periodismo Electrónico. El Profesional de La Información 7: 4–11. Available online: http://www.elprofesionaldelainformacion.com/contenidos/1998/diciembre/desarrollo_del_periodismo_electronico.html (accessed on 15 May 2020).
- Fondevila, Joan Francesc. 2015. El uso de hipertexto, multimedia e interactividad en periodismo digital: Propuesta metodológica de ranking de calidad. ZER—Revista de Estudios de Comunicación 19: 55–76. Available online: http://www.ehu.eus/ojs/index.php/Zer/article/view/13488 (accessed on 15 May 2020).
- Fortunati, Leopoldina, Mauro Sarrica, John O’Sullivan, Aukse Balcytiene, Halliki Harro-Loit, Phil Macgregor, Nayia Roussou, Ramón Salaverría, and Federico De Luca. 2009. The Influence of the Internet on European Journalism. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14: 928–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- García Avilés, José Alberto, Bienvenido León, Karen Sanders, and Jackie Harrison. 2004. Journalists at Digital Television Newsrooms in Britain and Spain: Workflow and Multi-Skilling in a Competitive Environment. Journalism Studies 5: 87–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harrison, Jackie. 2010. User-Generated Content and Gatekeeping at the BBC Hub. Journalism Studies 11: 243–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ingram, Mathew. 2014. For Journalists, Interacting with Readers Isn’t Just Good Practice—It Could Mean Survival. Gigaom.Com. Available online: https://gigaom.com/2014/04/25/for-journalists-interacting-with-readers-isnt-just-good-practice-it-could-mean-survival/ (accessed on 15 October 2020).
- de la Peña, Nonny, Peggy Weil, Joan Llobera, Elias Giannopoulos, Ausiás Pomés, Bernhard Spanlang, Doron Friedman, Maria V. Sanchez-Vives, and Mel Slater. 2010. Immersive Journalism: Immersive Virtual Reality for the First-Person Experience of News. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 19: 291–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Masip, Pere, Javier Guallar, Miquel Peralta, Carles Ruiz, and Jaume Suau. 2015. Active Audiences and Journalism: Involved Citizens or Motivated Consumers? Brazilian Journalism Research 11: 234–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Masip, Pere, and Jaume Suau. 2014. Active Audiences and Participation Models in Spanish Media. Hipertext.Net 12: 1–16. Available online: https://www.raco.cat/index.php/Hipertext/article/view/274308/364479 (accessed on 27 October 2017).
- Masurier, Megan Le. 2015. What Is Slow Journalism? Journalism Practice 9: 138–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menke, Manuel, Susanne Kinnebrock, Sonja Kretzschmar, Ingrid Aichberger, Marcel Broersma, Roman Hummel, Susanne Kirchhoff, Dimitri Prandner, Nelson Ribeiro, and Ramón Salaverría. 2016. Convergence Culture in European Newsrooms. Journalism Studies 19: 881–904. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moon, Soo Jung, and Patrick Hadley. 2014. Routinizing a New Technology in the Newsroom: Twitter as a News Source in Mainstream Media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 58: 289–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Negredo, Samuel, María Pilar Martínez-Costa, James Breiner, and Ramón Salaverría. 2020. Journalism Expands in Spite of the Crisis: Digital-Native News Media in Spain. Media and Communication 8: 73–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newman, Nic, Richard Fletcher, Antonis Kalogeropoulos, and Rasmus Kleis Nielsen. 2019. Digital News Report 2019. London. Available online: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/risj-review/digital-news-report-2019-out-now (accessed on 8 July 2019).
- Robinson, Sue. 2010. Traditionalists vs. Convergers: Textual Privilege, Boundary Work, and the Journalist—Audience Relationship in the Commenting Policies of Online News Sites. Convergence 16: 125–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salaverría, Ramón. 2019. Digital Journalism: 25 Years of Research. Review Article. El Profesional de La Información 28: 280101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salaverría, Ramón. 2020. Exploring Digital Native News Media. Media and Communication 8: 1–4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Salaverría, Ramón, María Del Pilar Martínez-Costa, and James Breiner. 2018. Map of Digital News Media at Spain in 2018: Quantitative Analysis. Revista Latina de Comunicacion Social 73: 1034–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Salaverría, Ramón, María del Pilar Martínez-Costa, James G. Breiner, María-Cruz Negreira-Rey, and Miguel-Ángel Jimeno. 2019. El Mapa de Los Cibermedios En España. In Ecosistema de Cibermedios En España. Edited by Carlos Toural-Bran and Xosé López-García. Salamanca: Comunicación Social Ediciones y Publicaciones, pp. 25–49. [Google Scholar]
- Saltzis, Konstantinos, and Roger Dickinson. 2008. Inside the Changing Newsroom: Journalists’ Responses to Media Convergence. Aslib Proceedings 60: 216–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Suárez, Eduardo. 2020. How to Build a Successful Subscription News Business: Lessons from Britain and Spain. Oxford. Available online: https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2020-02/Eduardo_Suarez_Digital_subscriptions_fellowship_paper.pdf (accessed on 9 October 2020).
- Tandoc, Edson C. 2018. Five Ways BuzzFeed Is Preserving (or Transforming) the Journalistic Field. Journalism 19: 200–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tandoc, Edson C., and Tim P. Vos. 2015. The Journalist Is Marketing the News. Journalism Practice 10: 950–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tenor, Carina. 2018. Hyperlocal News and Media Accountability. Digital Journalism 6: 1064–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tortoise Media. 2020a. Become a Member. Tortoisemedia.Com. Available online: https://www.tortoisemedia.com/become-a-member (accessed on 10 October 2020).
- Tortoise Media. 2020b. Purpose. Tortoisemedia.Com. Available online: https://www.tortoisemedia.com/purpose/ (accessed on 10 October 2020).
- Usher, Nikki. 2018. Breaking News Production Processes in US Metropolitan Newspapers: Immediacy and Journalistic Authority. Journalism 19: 21–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vonbun, Ramona, Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw, and Klaus Schoenbach. 2016. Intermedia Agenda-Setting in a Multimedia News Environment. Journalism 17: 1054–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Weber, Wibke, and Hannes Rall. 2012. Data Visualization in Online Journalism and Its Implications for the Production Process. Paper Presented at 2012 16th International Conference on Information Visualisation, Montpellier, France, July 11–13; pp. 349–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Westlund, Oscar. 2013. Mobile News. Digital Journalism 1: 6–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
News Outlet | Country | Since | Annual Billing (2019) | Team Members | Average Visitors (Monthly) | Suscribed-Readers |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eldiario.es | Spain | 2012 | EUR 6.9 M | 59 | 12.9M (September 2020) | +55,000 |
El Confidencial | Spain | 2001 | EUR 19.3 M | 27 (managing positions) | 21.1M (September 2020) | +18,000 |
El Español | Spain | 2015 | EUR 7.2 M | 23 (managing positions) | 23.2M (September 2020) | +12,000 |
Tortoise Media | United Kingdom | 2019 | EUR 5.1 M * | 19 | N.F. | +62,000 |
De Correspondent | The Netherlands | 2013 | EUR 2.7 M | 82 | N.F. | +70,000 |
Mediapart | France | 2007 | EUR 16.8 M | 87 (49 newsroom, 38 regular collaborators) | 5.5.M (March 2020) | +170,000 |
Eldiario.es | El Confidencial | El Español | Tortoise Media | De Correspondent | Mediapart | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Business model | Mixed (advertisements and subscribers) | Mixed (advertisements and subscribers) | Mixed (advertisements and subscribers) | Membership | Membership | Membership | |
Access to content | Open access | Mostly open access, but with content restricted to subscribers | Mostly open access, but with content restricted to subscribers | Restricted to members (just preview to non-members) | Restricted to members | Restricted to members | |
Interactivity | Selective | • | • | • | • | • | • |
Participatory | • | • | • | • | • | • | |
Productive | • | • | • | • | |||
Specific mechanisms | User as reader and source | • | |||||
Comments | • | • | • | • | • | ||
Meetings with the newsroom | • | • | |||||
Community | • | • | • | • | • | • |
Gratification | Action |
---|---|
Distinction | Leaving comments on the news as a member and being highlighted. |
Voice | Publishing personal opinion articles, although with prior media moderation, and joining meetings with the newsroom. |
Exclusivity | Unlimited access, posting, receiving offers or invitations, and so on. |
Responsibility | Guarantors of the media independence thanks to their payments and by voting to take decisions. |
Gratification | Action |
---|---|
Responsibility | Acting as donors and even information sources. |
Voice | Leaving comments, joining “Conversations”, or being sources. |
Acknowledgement | Being considered as an expert on a specific topic or field. |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Pérez-Seijo, S.; Vizoso, Á.; López-García, X. Accepting the Digital Challenge: Business Models and Audience Participation in Online Native Media. Journal. Media 2020, 1, 78-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia1010006
Pérez-Seijo S, Vizoso Á, López-García X. Accepting the Digital Challenge: Business Models and Audience Participation in Online Native Media. Journalism and Media. 2020; 1(1):78-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia1010006
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Seijo, Sara, Ángel Vizoso, and Xosé López-García. 2020. "Accepting the Digital Challenge: Business Models and Audience Participation in Online Native Media" Journalism and Media 1, no. 1: 78-91. https://doi.org/10.3390/journalmedia1010006