Impact of Perceptions of Air Pollution and Noise on Subjective Well-Being and Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Air Pollution and Human Well-Being
1.2. Noise and Human Well-Being
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 70.60 |
Male | 29.40 | |
Age | 18–24 | 43.50 |
25–34 | 31.60 | |
35–44 | 8.60 | |
45–54 | 7.10 | |
>54 | 9.30 | |
Education | Basic | 1.90 |
High school | 15.20 | |
Higher education | 66.50 | |
Postgraduate studies | 16.40 | |
Marital status | Single | 74.30 |
Married | 21.20 | |
Divorced | 3.70 | |
Widow | 0.70 | |
Income | USD 0–USD 400 | 49.40 |
USD 401–USD 800 | 24.90 | |
USD 801–USD 1200 | 10.40 | |
USD 1201–USD 1600 | 5.60 | |
USD 1601–USD 2000 | 4.80 | |
USD 2001 or more | 4.80 |
Variable | Category | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Self-perceived health | Not being healthy | 0.70 |
Having poor health | 14.50 | |
Being healthy | 72.20 | |
Being very healthy | 12.60 | |
Self-perceived happiness | Not being happy | 3.00 |
Having low levels of happiness | 13.40 | |
Being happy | 53.90 | |
Being very happy | 29.70 | |
Satisfaction with life | Not being satisfied with life | 3.30 |
Having low satisfaction with life | 17.10 | |
Being satisfied with life | 52.80 | |
Being very satisfied with life | 26.80 | |
Air pollution (visual) | Not at all polluted | 7.80 |
Slightly polluted | 51.70 | |
Moderately polluted | 34.20 | |
Very polluted | 6.30 | |
Air pollution (unpleasant odors) | Never | 9.70 |
Rarely | 46.50 | |
Sometimes | 36.80 | |
Always | 7.10 | |
Noises affecting well-being | Never | 7.10 |
Rarely | 29.70 | |
Sometimes | 37.90 | |
Always | 25.30 |
Variable | Category | Estimate | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Air pollution (visual) | Not at all polluted | 0.32 | 0.70 | 1.38 | 0.27 | 7.13 |
Slightly polluted | 0.43 | 0.51 | 1.53 | 0.44 | 5.39 | |
Moderately polluted | 0.41 | 0.53 | 1.51 | 0.43 | 5.27 | |
Very polluted | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Air pollution (unpleasant odors) | Never | 1.39 | 0.08 * | 4.00 | 0.83 | 19.42 |
Rarely | 0.44 | 0.48 | 1.55 | 0.45 | 5.27 | |
Sometimes | 0.52 | 0.40 | 1.68 | 0.49 | 5.67 | |
Always | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Noises affecting well-being | Never | 0.89 | 0.19 | 2.43 | 0.64 | 9.17 |
Rarely | 0.39 | 0.36 | 1.47 | 0.63 | 3.42 | |
Sometimes | 0.87 | 0.02 ** | 2.38 | 1.11 | 5.09 | |
Always | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Healthcare services quality | Not at all efficient | −2.12 | 0.01 ** | 0.12 | 0.02 | 0.59 |
A little efficient | −2.87 | 0.00 *** | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.22 | |
Moderately efficient | −2.12 | 0.00 *** | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.45 | |
Very efficient | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Sex | Female | −0.57 | 0.10 | 0.57 | 0.29 | 1.13 |
Male | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Age | 18–24 | 1.44 | 0.04 ** | 4.23 | 1.08 | 16.56 |
25–34 | 1.26 | 0.06 * | 3.52 | 0.97 | 12.75 | |
35–44 | 1.921 | 0.01 ** | 6.83 | 1.59 | 29.24 | |
45–54 | 0.30 | 0.68 | 1.36 | 0.32 | 5.69 | |
>54 | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Education | Basic | −0.07 | 0.95 | 0.94 | 0.09 | 9.54 |
High school | −1.209 | 0.06 * | 0.29 | 0.09 | 1.03 | |
Higher education | −0.82 | 0.09 * | 0.44 | 0.17 | 1.13 | |
Postgraduate studies | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Marital status | Single | −0.80 | 0.66 | 0.45 | 0.01 | 13.51 |
Married | −0.59 | 0.75 | 0.55 | 0.02 | 17.58 | |
Divorced | 1.34 | 0.49 | 3.83 | 0.09 | 159.81 | |
Widow | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Income | USD 0–USD 400 | 0.18 | 0.84 | 1.19 | 0.21 | 6.61 |
USD 401–USD 800 | 0.37 | 0.65 | 1.44 | 0.28 | 7.49 | |
USD 801–USD 1200 | 1.36 | 0.12 | 3.89 | 0.67 | 22.44 | |
USD 1201–USD 1600 | −1.01 | 0.25 | 0.36 | 0.07 | 2.02 | |
USD 1601–USD 2000 | 1.58 | 0.09 * | 4.87 | 0.74 | 31.89 | |
USD 2001 or more | 0 | - | 1 | - | - |
Variable | Category | Estimate | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Air pollution (visual) | Not at all polluted | −0.32 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.16 | 3.34 |
Slightly polluted | −0.87 | 0.15 | 0.42 | 0.13 | 1.34 | |
Moderately polluted | −0.44 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.20 | 2.04 | |
Very polluted | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Air pollution (unpleasant odors) | Never | 2.12 | 0.00 *** | 8.36 | 1.89 | 36.88 |
Rarely | 0.47 | 0.40 | 1.59 | 0.54 | 4.74 | |
Sometimes | 1.17 | 0.03 ** | 3.23 | 1.09 | 9.57 | |
Always | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Noises affecting well-being | Never | 1.89 | 0.00 *** | 6.62 | 1.94 | 22.56 |
Rarely | 0.47 | 0.22 | 1.59 | 0.76 | 3.35 | |
Sometimes | 0.49 | 0.15 | 1.63 | 0.84 | 3.16 | |
Always | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Healthcare services quality | Not at all efficient | −2.84 | 0.00 *** | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.32 |
A little efficient | −2.08 | 0.01 ** | 0.12 | 0.03 | 0.58 | |
Moderately efficient | −1.43 | 0.06 * | 0.24 | 0.05 | 1.10 | |
Very efficient | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Sex | Female | 0.07 | 0.82 | 1.07 | 0.59 | 1.94 |
Male | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Age | 18–24 | −0.29 | 0.66 | 0.75 | 0.21 | 2.67 |
25–34 | −0.78 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.13 | 1.56 | |
35–44 | 0.31 | 0.65 | 1.36 | 0.36 | 5.17 | |
45–54 | −0.41 | 0.59 | 0.67 | 0.16 | 2.78 | |
>54 | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Education | Basic | 2.62 | 0.05 * | 13.77 | 1.06 | 179.29 |
High school | 0.21 | 0.70 | 1.23 | 0.42 | 3.67 | |
Higher education | −0.80 | 0.06 * | 0.45 | 0.19 | 1.03 | |
Postgraduate studies | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Marital status | Single | 2.96 | 0.04 ** | 19.23 | 1.26 | 293.09 |
Married | 3.12 | 0.03 ** | 22.68 | 1.39 | 370.72 | |
Divorced | 3.39 | 0.03 ** | 29.85 | 1.39 | 638.41 | |
Widow | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Income | USD 0–USD 400 | −0.89 | 0.27 | 0.41 | 0.09 | 1.91 |
USD 401–USD 800 | −0.36 | 0.64 | 0.69 | 0.16 | 3.07 | |
USD 801–USD 1200 | 0.82 | 0.32 | 2.26 | 0.47 | 10.95 | |
USD 1201–USD 1600 | −0.62 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.11 | 2.57 | |
USD 1601–USD 2000 | −0.15 | 0.87 | 0.86 | 0.15 | 4.82 | |
USD 2001 or more | 0 | - | 1 | - | - |
Variable | Category | Estimate | p-Value | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Intervals | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Air pollution (visual) | Not at all polluted | −0.38 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.16 | 2.95 |
Slightly polluted | −0.56 | 0.32 | 0.57 | 0.18 | 1.74 | |
Moderately polluted | 0.22 | 0.69 | 1.25 | 0.41 | 3.82 | |
Very polluted | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Air pollution (unpleasant odors) | Never | 1.70 | 0.02 ** | 5.49 | 1.34 | 22.46 |
Rarely | 0.39 | 0.47 | 1.49 | 0.52 | 4.25 | |
Sometimes | 1.14 | 0.04 ** | 3.13 | 1.09 | 8.97 | |
Always | 0a | - | 1 | - | - | |
Noises affecting well-being | Never | 1.69 | 0.00 *** | 5.46 | 1.65 | 18.07 |
Rarely | 0.24 | 0.52 | 1.27 | 0.60 | 2.65 | |
Sometimes | 0.16 | 0.63 | 1.17 | 0.61 | 2.23 | |
Always | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Healthcare services quality | Not at all efficient | −1.78 | 0.02 ** | 0.17 | 0.04 | 0.74 |
A little efficient | −1.69 | 0.01 ** | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.66 | |
Moderately efficient | −0.78 | 0.24 | 0.46 | 0.13 | 1.62 | |
Very efficient | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Sex | Female | 0.04 | 0.89 | 1.04 | 0.59 | 1.85 |
Male | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Age | 18–24 | 0.27 | 0.66 | 1.32 | 0.40 | 4.34 |
25–34 | −0.99 | 0.09 * | 0.37 | 0.12 | 1.16 | |
35–44 | 0.51 | 0.43 | 1.67 | 0.47 | 5.92 | |
45–54 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 1.58 | 0.41 | 6.02 | |
>54 | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Education | Basic | 3.87 | 0.00 *** | 47.94 | 3.44 | 668.73 |
High school | 0.20 | 0.71 | 1.22 | 0.43 | 3.45 | |
Higher education | −0.19 | 0.64 | 0.83 | 0.38 | 1.81 | |
Postgraduate studies | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Marital status | Single | 2.69 | 0.06 * | 14.70 | 0.92 | 233.69 |
Married | 2.33 | 0.11 | 10.28 | 0.617 | 171.46 | |
Divorced | 2.89 | 0.07 * | 17.93 | 0.844 | 380.84 | |
Widow | 0 | - | 1 | - | - | |
Income | USD 0–USD 400 | −1.19 | 0.12 | 0.30 | 0.07 | 1.28 |
USD 401–USD 800 | −0.78 | 0.29 | 0.458 | 0.11 | 1.86 | |
USD 801–USD 1200 | 0.77 | 0.33 | 2.16 | 0.49 | 9.43 | |
USD 1201–USD 1600 | −0.71 | 0.37 | 0.489 | 0.110 | 2.168 | |
USD 1601–USD 2000 | −0.24 | 0.77 | 0.79 | 0.16 | 3.95 | |
USD 2001 or more | 0 | - | 1 | - | - |
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Herrera, C.; Cabrera-Barona, P. Impact of Perceptions of Air Pollution and Noise on Subjective Well-Being and Health. Earth 2022, 3, 825-838. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3030047
Herrera C, Cabrera-Barona P. Impact of Perceptions of Air Pollution and Noise on Subjective Well-Being and Health. Earth. 2022; 3(3):825-838. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3030047
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerrera, Carolina, and Pablo Cabrera-Barona. 2022. "Impact of Perceptions of Air Pollution and Noise on Subjective Well-Being and Health" Earth 3, no. 3: 825-838. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3030047
APA StyleHerrera, C., & Cabrera-Barona, P. (2022). Impact of Perceptions of Air Pollution and Noise on Subjective Well-Being and Health. Earth, 3(3), 825-838. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3030047