The Burden of Air Pollution: A Perspective on Global Health Inequalities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
4. Results
- (a)
- YLL (AP)rate variable:
- (b)
- YLD variable (AP)rate:
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Risks | SEV 1990 * | SEV 2019 | ARC 1990–2019 |
---|---|---|---|
I. Environmental/occupational risks | 52.55 (48.66–55.92) ** | 45.36 (41.16–49.19) | −0.51 (−0.62–−0.40) * |
A. Air pollution | 45.37 (32.89–56.28) | 34.72 (25.86–44.40) | −0.92 (−1.25–−0.61) * |
A1. Particulate matter pollution | 44.26 (31.87–55.07) | 33.84 (25.08–43.43) | −0.93 (−1.26–−0.61) * |
A1a. Ambient particulate matter pollution | 15.65 (10.61–21.58) | 26.19 (21.55–30.48) | 1.78 (0.95–2.71) * |
A1b. Household air pollution from solid fuels | 27.33 (16.18–38.86) | 12.04 (6.72–18.82) | −2.83 (−3.53–−2.20) * |
A2. Ambient ozone pollution | 50.67 (22.95–73.01) | 61.19 (32.26–80.39) | 0.65 (0.33–1.25) * |
Variable | Descriptive Statistics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N Valid | Mean | Min. | Max. | Variance | SD | CV | |
YLL(AP)rate, 1990 | 204 | 1349.0 | 86.0 | 9249.9 | 1,193,365.6 | 1092.4 | 81.0 |
YLL(AP)rate, 2019 | 204 | 879.8 | 20.4 | 8299.1 | 780,868.3 | 883.7 | 100.4 |
YLD(AP)rate, 1990 | 204 | 144.6 | 12.9 | 360.3 | 6259.0 | 79.1 | 54.7 |
YLD(AP)rate, 2019 | 204 | 143.0 | 11.0 | 396.3 | 5674.7 | 75.3 | 52.7 |
World Bank Income Group | YLLs (AP) 2019 | YLDs (AP) 2019 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rate * | % in | Rate * | % in | |||
All Causes | NCD | All Causes | NCD | |||
2019 | ||||||
High Income | 219.4 | 3.1% | 4.2% | 68.7 | 0.5% | 0.6% |
Upper-Middle Income | 771.5 | 7.6% | 12.4% | 163.6 | 1.6% | 1.9% |
Lower-Middle Income | 1343.0 | 9.5% | 16.3% | 223.3 | 2.0% | 2.5% |
Low Income | 1428.5 | 7.3% | 15.5% | 209.8 | 1.9% | 2.5% |
Change over the period 1990–2019 (%) | ||||||
High Income | −50.0% | −31.5% | −40.3% | 7.9% | 3.4% | 1.4% |
Upper-Middle Income | −40.4% | −17.6% | −19.9% | −2.4% | −4.7% | −6.8% |
Lower-Middle Income | −22.6% | 12.6% | −7.5% | −7.6% | −4.1% | −7.2% |
Low Income | −35.2% | 12.6% | −11.0% | −10.8% | −3.5% | −11.9% |
Average | SD | GDP Per Cap., 2019 1 | PM2.5 (Annual Mean, µg/m3), 2019 2 | YLL(AP) Rate, 2019 3 | YLD(AP) Rate, 2019 3 | %ΔYLL(AP) Rate, 1990–2019 | %ΔYLD(AP) Rate, 1990–2019 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GDP per cap., 2019 | 22658 | 24332 | 1.000 | −0.368 * | −0.489 * | −0.595 * | −0.362 * | 0.092 |
PM2.5 (annual mean, µg/m3), 2019 | 26.1 | 17.7 | −0.368 * | 1.000 | 0.283 * | 0.560 * | 0.274 * | 0.056 |
YLL(AP)rate, 2019 | 879.8 | 883.7 | −0.489 * | 0.283 * | 1.000 | 0.785 * | 0.458 * | −0.002 |
YLD(AP)rate, 2019 | 143.0 | 75.3 | −0.595 * | 0.560 * | 0.785 * | 1.000 | 0.516 * | 0.163 * |
ΔYLL(AP)rate, 1990–2019 | −38% | 26% | −0.362 * | 0.274 * | 0.458 * | 0.516 * | 1.000 | 0.522 * |
ΔYLD(AP)rate, 1990–2019 | 3% | 31% | 0.092 | 0.056 | −0.002 | 0.163 * | 0.522 * | 1.000 |
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Jakubowska, A. The Burden of Air Pollution: A Perspective on Global Health Inequalities. Pollutants 2023, 3, 419-436. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants3030029
Jakubowska A. The Burden of Air Pollution: A Perspective on Global Health Inequalities. Pollutants. 2023; 3(3):419-436. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants3030029
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakubowska, Agnieszka. 2023. "The Burden of Air Pollution: A Perspective on Global Health Inequalities" Pollutants 3, no. 3: 419-436. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants3030029