Trends of CO and NO2 Pollutants in Iran during COVID-19 Pandemic Using Timeseries Sentinel-5 Images in Google Earth Engine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Datasets
2.3. Data Processing Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Spatiotemporal Distribution of the NO2 and CO
3.2. Sentinel-5P NO2 vs. Ground-Based Measurements
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Source | Study Area | Period | Atmospheric Gases Studied | Data | Variations in Concentrations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[2] | US | 2017–2020 | NO2, PM2.5 | Air quality station | A 25.5% reduction with an absolute decrease of 4.8 ppb PM2.5. |
[16] | US | 2019–2020 | NO2 | Sentinel-5 (TROPOMI) | The concentration of NO2 reduced by 20–40% in California during the COVID-19 lockdown. |
[12] | England | 2018–2019 | PM2.5, NO2, NO, and O3 | Air quality station | An increase of 1 m3 in the long-term average of PM2.5 was associated with a 12% increase in COVID-19 cases. |
[18] | Italy | 2010–2020 | NO2, O3, PM10/PM2.5 | Air quality station | Long-term air-quality data correlate with COVID-19 in the Italian provinces. |
[22] | Spain | 2019–2020 | NO2, PM10 | Sentinel-5 (TROPOMI) | After the lockdown, the PM10 was reduced by 88.89%, 87.5%, 70%, 86.8%, and 87.8%, respectively, in Valencia, Madrid, Barcelona, Sevilla, and Bilbao. The same tendency was shown for NO2. |
[24] | India | 2020 | NO2 | Sentinel-5 (TROPOMI) | The NO2 value decreased by 40–50% in Mumbai and Delhi compared to the pervious year. |
[28] | Korea | 2020 | NO2, CO, PM10/PM2.5 | Air quality station | In March 2020, the mean levels of PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and CO were decreased by 16.98 μg/m3, 21.61 μg/m3, 4.16 ppb, and 0.09 ppm compared to the same period of the previous year. |
[9] | China | 2020 | NO2, SO2, CO, O3, PM2.5/PM10 | Online platform and meteorological data | After lockdown, the PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 increased by 10 μg/m3. |
[30] | China | 2017–2020 | NO2, SO2, CO, O3, PM2.5/PM10, AOD | Sentinel-5 (TROPOMI), MODIS | After the Spring Festival, the NO2 and SO2 concentrations decreased, and then began to increase after a few days, except in 2020 when they remained low. CO, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations also decreased during the Spring Festival, but not as much as SO2 concentrations. |
[32] | Canada | 2015–2020 | NO2, O3, PM2.5 | Air quality station | There is some evidence that ozone concentrations are decreasing. The concentrations of nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen oxides appear to be declining. |
[34] | Brazil | 2019–2020 | NO2, PM2.5/PM10 | Sentinel-5 (TROPOMI) | The PM2.5, PM10, and NO2 levels were reduced by 45%, 46%, and 58%, respectively, compared to the control period in 2019. |
TROPOMI Products | Processing Levels | Unit | Pixel Size | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
nitrogendioxide_tropospheric_column_count | Level 2 | 0.01 arc degrees | Sentinel-5 variables https://developers.google.com/earth-engine/datasets/tags/tropomi (accessed on 10 January 2022) | |
carbonmonoxide_total_column_count | Level 2 | 0.01 arc degrees |
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Shami, S.; Ranjgar, B.; Bian, J.; Khoshlahjeh Azar, M.; Moghimi, A.; Amani, M.; Naboureh, A. Trends of CO and NO2 Pollutants in Iran during COVID-19 Pandemic Using Timeseries Sentinel-5 Images in Google Earth Engine. Pollutants 2022, 2, 156-171. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants2020012
Shami S, Ranjgar B, Bian J, Khoshlahjeh Azar M, Moghimi A, Amani M, Naboureh A. Trends of CO and NO2 Pollutants in Iran during COVID-19 Pandemic Using Timeseries Sentinel-5 Images in Google Earth Engine. Pollutants. 2022; 2(2):156-171. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants2020012
Chicago/Turabian StyleShami, Siavash, Babak Ranjgar, Jinhu Bian, Mahdi Khoshlahjeh Azar, Armin Moghimi, Meisam Amani, and Amin Naboureh. 2022. "Trends of CO and NO2 Pollutants in Iran during COVID-19 Pandemic Using Timeseries Sentinel-5 Images in Google Earth Engine" Pollutants 2, no. 2: 156-171. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants2020012