The Appropriateness of Using Aquatic Snails as Bioindicators of Toxicity for Oil Sands Process-Affected Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bioindicator
3. Effect of Naphthenic Acids
4. Accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
5. Effect of Other Organic Compounds
6. Bioaccumulation of Metals
7. Bioindication of Salt and Nutrients
8. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species (Family) | Age | Chemical Compounds | Effect | Measured Response Type | Exposure Duration (Days) | Toxicological Values (µg/L) | Measured Level in OSPW (µg/L) 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Potamopyrgus antipodarum (Hydrobiidae) | NR 3 | Cadmium | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | 1000–4000 [69] | 1.6 |
Somatogyrus sp. (Hydrobiidae) | Adult | Potassium | Ventilation/ movement | EC50 | 4 | 7285 [70] | 12,000 |
Lymnaea stagnalis (Lymnaeidae) | Embryo | Naphthenic acids | Embryonic development | EC50 | 28 | 31,000 [37] | 53,000 |
Embryo | Ammonia | Mortality | LC50 | 1 | 24,270 [66] | 6400 | |
Juvenile | Silver | Growth | EC10 | 14 | 1.48 [56] | 0.17 | |
Juvenile | Cadmium | Growth | EC10 | 14 | 12.0 [56] | 1.6 | |
Juvenile | Copper | Growth | EC10 | 14 | 3.71 [56] | 2.5 | |
Juvenile | Copper | Mortality | LC20 | 4 | 18 [53] | 2.5 | |
Juvenile | Nickel | Growth | EC10 | 14 | 115 [56] | 120 | |
Juvenile | Lead | Growth | EC10 | 14 | 4.00 [56] | 1.2 | |
Juvenile | Zinc | Growth | EC10 | 14 | 223 [56] | 20 | |
NR 3 | Mercury | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | 203.92 [63] | 0.047 | |
Radix auricularia (Lymnaeidae) | Embryo | Cadmium | Embryonic development | LC50 | 4 | 58.26 [71] | 1.6 |
Aplexa hypnorum (Physidae) | Adult | Acenaphthene | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | >2040 [72] | <0.11 |
Physa gyrina (Physidae) | Adult | Naphthalene | Mortality | LC50 | 2 | 5020 [73] | <0.075 |
Immature | Cadmium | Mortality | TL50 2 | 4 | 430 [54] | 1.6 | |
Biomphalaria glabrata (Planorbidae) | Embryo | Chromium | Embryonic development | EC50 | 1 | 5760 [25] | 4.4 |
Leptoxis ampla (Pleuroceridae) | Juvenile | Chloride | Mortality | LC50 | 4 | 3414 [65] | 139,000 |
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Chen, Z.; Eaton, B.; Davies, J. The Appropriateness of Using Aquatic Snails as Bioindicators of Toxicity for Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. Pollutants 2021, 1, 10-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1010002
Chen Z, Eaton B, Davies J. The Appropriateness of Using Aquatic Snails as Bioindicators of Toxicity for Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. Pollutants. 2021; 1(1):10-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Zhongzhi, Brian Eaton, and Jim Davies. 2021. "The Appropriateness of Using Aquatic Snails as Bioindicators of Toxicity for Oil Sands Process-Affected Water" Pollutants 1, no. 1: 10-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1010002