The Mauritius Oil Spill: What’s Next?
Abstract
:1. The MV Wakashio Accident: Consequences and First Containment Measures
2. Impacts of the Oil Spill on Marine Communities
3. Short- and Long-Term Mitigation Measures
4. Monitoring and Restoration of Coral Reef and Mangrove Forests
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Mauritius: MW Wakashio Oil Spill. Flash Update No 1. 2020. Available online: https://reliefweb.int/report/mauritius/mauritius-mw-wakashio-oil-spill-flash-update-no-1-8-august-2020 (accessed on 10 October 2020).
- Deena, M.; Ramkhelawon, D.; Mudhoo, S.; Boyjonauth, N.D. Des Habitants du Sud Remontés Contre la Carence des Autorités L’express. 2020. Available online: https://www.lexpress.mu/video/380812/habitants-sud-remontes-contre-carence-autorites (accessed on 13 October 2020).
- Republic of Mauritius, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard), National Assembly. 28 July 2020. Available online: https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/Documents/Hansard/2020/hansard272020.pdf (accessed on 12 October 2020).
- The Guardian. Mauritius Facing Environmental Crisis as Shipwreck Leaks Oil. The Guardian, 7 August 2020. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/07/mauritius-facing-environmental-disaster-after-striken-bulk-carrier-leaks-oil(accessed on 15 October 2020).
- Bearak, M. Rough Seas Are Hampering Response to Mauritius Ship Leak; Oil Spill Reaches 1,000 tons. The Washington Post, 9 August 2020. Available online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/africa/mauritius-oil-spill-wakashio/2020/08/09/8dd09ee8-da49-11ea-b205-ff838e15a9a6_story.html(accessed on 15 October 2020).
- The National Crisis Committee. Update on Wakashio Vessel as at 4pm on Monday August 24. 2020. Available online: https://environment.govmu.org/Documents/wakashio/Press%20Release%20FINAL%20Wakashio%20as%20at%204PM%20on%20Monday%20August%2024,%202020.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2020).
- Ministry of Blue Economy, Marine Resources, Fisheries and Shipping. Fish Analysis-MV Wakashio [Communique, 8 September 2020]. Available online: https://govmu.org/EN/Communique1/communique-fisheries.pdf (accessed on 15 October 2020).
- The Government Gazette of Mauritius (Extraordinary). The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act. General Notice, No. 1148. 2020. Available online: https://environment.govmu.org/Documents/wakashio/Restricted%20Areas%20in%20the%20SE%20Region.pdf (accessed on 14 November 2020).
- The National Crisis Committee. Leve D’interdiction Concernant Activites Nautiques lor la Cote Sud-est. Communique. 6 November 2020. Available online: https://drive.google.com/file/d/18W5ME06hbmXd-knGs7SqugWG8vhbPhol/view (accessed on 15 November 2020).
- Adzigbli, L.; Yuewen, D. Assessing the impact of oil spills on marine organisms. J. Oceanogr. Mar. Res. 2018, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neff, J.M. Bioaccumulation in Marine Organisms: Effect of Contaminants from Oil Well Produced Water; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Lin, C.Y.; Tjeerdema, R.S. Crude oil, oil, gasoline and petrol. In Ecotoxicology; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Proffitt, E.C. (Ed.) Managing Oil Spills in Mangrove Ecosystems: Effects, Remediation, Restoration, and Modeling; OCS Reports; Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior: New Orleans, LA, USA, 1997; Volume 97.
- Hensel, P.; Proffitt, E.C.; Delgado, P.; Shigenaka, G.; Yender, R.; Hoff, R.; Mearns, A.J.; Hoff, R. (Eds.) Oil Spills in Mangroves Planning and Response Considerations; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: Washington, DC, USA, 2010.
- Lewis, M.; Pryor, R.; Wilking, L. Fate and effects of anthropogenic chemicals in mangrove ecosystems: A review. Environ. Pollut. 2011, 159, 2328–2346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Santos, H.F.; Carmo, F.L.; Paes, J.E.; Rosado, A.S.; Peixoto, R.S. Bioremediation of mangroves impacted by petroleum. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2011, 216, 329–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duke, N.C. Oil spill impacts on mangroves: Recommendations for operational planning and action based on a global review. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2016, 109, 700–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Culbertson, J.B.; Valiela, I.; Peacock, E.E.; Reddy, C.M.; Carter, A.; Vander Kruik, R. Long-term biological effects of petroleum residues on fiddler crabs in salt marshes. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2007, 54, 955–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kristensen, E. Mangrove crabs as ecosystem engineers; With emphasis on sediment processes. J. Sea. Res. 2010, 59, 30–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krebs, C.T.; Burns, K.A. Long-term effects of an oil spill on populations of the salt-marsh crab Uca pugnax. Science 1977, 197, 484–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Culbertson, J.B.; Valiela, I.; Olsen, Y.S.; Reddy, C.M. Effect of field exposure to 38-year-old residual petroleum hydrocarbons on growth, condition index, and filtration rate of the ribbed mussel, Geukensia demissa. Environ. Pollut. 2008, 154, 312–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Banni, M.; Negri, A.; Dagnino, A.; Jebali, J.; Ameur, S.; Boussetta, H. Acute effects of benzo [a] pyrene on digestive gland enzymatic biomarkers and DNA damage on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2010, 73, 842–848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hanman, M.L.; Bamber, S.D.; Galloway, T.S.; Moody, J.A.; Jones, M.B. Effects of the model PAH phenanthrene on immune function and oxidative stress in the haemolymph of the temperate scallop Pecten maximus. Chemosphere 2010, 78, 779–784. [Google Scholar]
- Croxton, A.N.; Wikfors, G.H.; Schulterbrandt-Gragg, R.D. Immunomodulation in eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, exposed to a PAH-contaminated, microphytobenthic diatom. Aquat. Toxicol. 2012, 118, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Guzmán, H.M.; Holst, I. Effects of chronic oil-sediment pollution on the reproduction of the Caribbean reef coral Siderastrea siderea. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1993, 26, 276–282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Negri, A.P.; Heyward, A.J. Inhibition of fertilization and larval metamorphosis of the coral Acropora millepora (Ehrenberg, 1834) by petroleum products. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2000, 41, 420–427. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scarlett, A.; Galloway, T.S.; Canty, M.; Smith, E.L.; Nilsson, J.; Rowland, S.J. Comparative toxicity of two oil dispersants, superdispersant-25 and corexit 9527, to a range of coastal species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2005, 24, 1219–1227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Downs, C.A.; Richmond, R.H.; Mendiola, W.J.; Rougée, L.; Ostrander, G.K. Cellular physiological effects of the MV Kyowa Violet fuel-oil spill on the hard coral, Porites lobata. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2006, 25, 3171–3180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shafir, S.; Van Rijn, J.; Rinkevich, B. Short and long term toxicity of crude oil and oil dispersants to two representative coral species. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 5571–5574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goodbody-Gringley, G.; Wetzel, D.L.; Gillon, D.; Pulster, E.; Miller, A.; Ritchie, K.B. Toxicity of Deepwater Horizon source oil and the chemical dispersant, Corexit® 9500, to coral larvae. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e45574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartmann, A.C.; Sandin, S.A.; Chamberland, V.F.; Marhaver, K.L.; de Goeij, J.M.; Vermeij, M.J. Crude oil contamination interrupts settlement of coral larvae after direct exposure ends. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2015, 536, 163–173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Negri, A.P.; Brinkman, D.L.; Flores, F.; Botté, E.S.; Jones, R.J.; Webster, N.S. Acute ecotoxicology of natural oil and gas condensate to coral reef larvae. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 21153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Loya, Y.; Rinkevich, B. Effects of oil pollution on coral reef communities. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1980, 3, 180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guzmán, H.M.; Jackson, J.B.; Weil, E. Short-term ecological consequences of a major oil spill on Panamanian subtidal reef corals. Coral Reefs 1991, 10, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guzmán, H.M.; Burns, K.A.; Jackson, J.B. Injury, regeneration and growth of Caribbean reef corals after a major oil spill in Panama. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1994, 105, 231–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guzman, H.M.; Kaiser, S.; Weil, E. Assessing the long-term effects of a catastrophic oil spill on subtidal coral reef communities off the Caribbean coast of Panama (1985–2017). Mar. Biodiv. 2020, 50, 1–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haapkylä, J.; Seymour, A.S.; Trebilco, J.; Smith, D. Coral disease prevalence and coral health in the Wakatobi Marine Park, south-east Sulawesi, Indonesia. J. Mar. Biol Assoc. UK 2007, 87, 403–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- White, H.K.; Hsing, P.Y.; Cho, W.; Shank, T.M.; Cordes, E.E.; Quattrini, A.M.; Nelson, R.T.; Camilli, R.; Demopoulos, A.W.J.; German, C.R.; et al. Impact of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill on a deep-water coral community in the Gulf of Mexico. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2012, 109, 20303–20308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Etnoyer, P.J.; Wickes, L.N.; Silva, M.; Dubick, J.D.; Balthis, L.; Salgado, E.; MacDonald, I.R. Decline in condition of gorgonian octocorals on mesophotic reefs in the northern Gulf of Mexico: Before and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Coral Reefs 2016, 35, 77–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Silva, M.; Etnoyer, P.J.; MacDonald, I.R. Coral injuries observed at mesophotic reefs after the Deepwater Horizon oil discharge. Deep Sea Res. Part II 2016, 129, 96–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Girard, F.; Shea, K.; Fisher, C.R. Projecting the recovery of a long-lived deep-sea coral species after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill using state-structured models. J. Appl. Ecol. 2018, 55, 1812–1822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- DeLeo, D.M.; Herrera, S.; Lengyel, S.D.; Quattrini, A.M.; Kulathinal, R.J.; Cordes, E.E. Gene expression profiling reveals deep-sea coral response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Mol. Ecol. 2018, 27, 4066–4077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Langangen, Ø.; Olsen, E.; Stige, L.C.; Ohlberger, J.; Yaragina, N.A.; Vikebø, F.B.; Bogstad, B.; Stenseth, N.C.; Hjermann, D.Ø. The effects of oil spills on marine fish: Implications of spatial variation in natural mortality. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2017, 119, 102–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sørhus, E.; Incardona, J.P.; Furmanek, T.; Goetz, G.W.; Scholz, N.L.; Meier, S.; Edvardsen, R.B.; Jentoft, S. Novel adverse outcome pathways revealed by chemical genetics in a developing marine fish. eLife 2017, 6, e20707. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bellas, J.; Saco-Alvarez, L.; Nieto, O.; Bayona, J.M.; Albaiges, J.; Beiras, R. Evaluation of artificially-weathered standard fuel oil toxicity by marine invertebrate embryogenesis bioassays. Chemosphere 2013, 90, 1103–1108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sørhus, E.; Incardona, J.P.; Karlsen, Ø.; Linbo, T.; Sørensen, L.; Nordtug, T.; Van Der Meeren, T.; Thorsen, A.; Thorbjørnsen, M.; Jentoft, S.; et al. Crude oil exposures reveal roles for intracellular calcium cycling in haddock craniofacial and cardiac development. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hicken, C.E.; Linbo, T.L.; Baldwin, D.H.; Willis, M.L.; Myers, M.S.; Holland, L.; Larsen, M.; Stekoll, M.S.; Rice, S.D.; Collier, T.K.; et al. Sublethal exposure to crude oil during embryonic development alters cardiac morphology and reduces aerobic capacity in adult fish. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 7086–7090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Blackburn, M.; Mazzacano, C.A.S.; Fallon, C.; Black, S.H. Oil in Our Oceans: A Review of the Impacts of Oil Spills on Marine Invertebrates; The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation: Portland, OR, USA, 2014; p. 152. [Google Scholar]
- Fodrie, F.J.; Able, K.W.; Galvez, F.; Heck Jr, K.L.; Jensen, O.P.; López-Duarte, P.C.; Martin, C.W.; Turner, R.E.; Whitehead, A. Integrating organismal and population responses of estuarine fishes in Macondo spill research. BioScience 2014, 64, 778–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sulak, K.J.; Dixon, P.M. Change in Gulf of Mexico Mesophotic Reef Fish Community Structure Across the Time Threshold of the DEEPWATER Horizon Oil Spill Event in 2010: Mesophotic Reef Fish Community Impacts of the DWH Oil Spill; DWH Deepwater Benthic NRDA Technical Working Group Report: Montgomery, AL, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Lewis, J.P.; Tarnecki, J.H.; Garner, S.B.; Chagaris, D.D.; Patterson, W.F. Changes in reef fish community structure following the deepwater horizon oil spill. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Geraci, J. (Ed.) Sea Mammals and Oil: Confronting the Risks; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- IPIECA-IOGP. Impacts of Oil Spills on Marine Ecology. Good Practice Guide Series, Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project (OSR-JIP); IOGP Report Number: 525; The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers (IOGP): London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Frasier, K.E.; Solsona-Berga, A.; Stokes, L.; Hildebrand, J.A. Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles. In Deep Oil Spills; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2020; pp. 431–462. [Google Scholar]
- Carmichael, R.H.; Graham, W.M.; Aven, A.; Worthy, G.; Howden, S. Were multiple stressors a ‘perfect storm’for northern Gulf of Mexico bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in 2011? PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e41155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwacke, L.H.; Smith, C.R.; Townsend, F.I.; Wells, R.S.; Hart, L.B.; Balmer, B.C.; Collier, T.K.; De Guise, S.; Fry, M.M.; Guillette, L.J., Jr.; et al. Health of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in Barataria Bay, Louisiana, following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2014, 48, 93–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Van Dolah, F.M.; Neely, M.G.; McGeorge, L.E.; Balmer, B.C.; Ylitalo, G.M.; Zolman, E.S.; Speakman, T.; Sinclair, C.; Kellar, N.M.; Rosel, P.E.; et al. Seasonal variation in the skin transcriptome of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the northern Gulf of Mexico. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0130934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Venn-Watson, S.; Colegrove, K.M.; Litz, J.; Kinsel, M.; Terio, K.; Saliki, J.; Fire, S.; Carmichael, R.; Chevis, C.; Hatchett, W.; et al. Adrenal gland and lung lesions in Gulf of Mexico common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found dead following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0126538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ministry of Blue Economy, Marine Resources, Fisheries and Shipping. Rapport Préliminaire de L’autopsie des Dauphins Morts sur la Côte sud-est de L’île Maurice. Communique 28 August 2020. Available online: http://mobilisationwakashio.com/2020/08/31/ministry-of-blue-economy-marine-resources-fisheries-and-shipping/ (accessed on 13 November 2020).
- Republic of Mauritius. Parliamentary debates (Hansard), National Assembly. 2 November 2020. Available online: https://mauritiusassembly.govmu.org/Documents/Hansard/2020/hansard322020.pdf (accessed on 6 January 2021).
- International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation. Effects of Oil Pollution on the Marine Environment; Technical Information Paper (TIP) No. 13; International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation: London, UK, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Baca, B.; Ward, A.W.; Lane, H.L.; Schuler, P.A. Net environmental benefit analysis (EBA) of dispersed oil on nearshore tropical ecosystems derived from the 20 year “TROPICS“ filed study. In Proceedings Interspill; IOSC: London, UK, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Bradshaw, A.D. What do we mean by restoration. Restor. Ecol. Sustain. Dev. 1997, 10, 8–14. [Google Scholar]
- Birkeland, C.; Randall, R.H.; Grimm, G. Three Methods of Coral Transplantation for the Purpose of Re-Establishing a Coral Community in the Thermal Effluent Area at the Tanguisson Power Plant; Marine Laboratory, University of Guam: Mangilao, Guam, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Barber, T.R.; Barber, G.L. Reef Ball. U.S. Patent 5564369, 15 October 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Williams, S.L.; Sur, C.; Janetski, N.; Hollarsmith, J.A.; Rapi, S.; Barron, L.; Heatwole, S.J.; Yusuf, A.M.; Jompa, J.; Mars, F. Large-scale coral reef rehabilitation after blast fishing in Indonesia. Restor. Ecol. 2019, 27, 447–456. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Edwards, A.J. (Ed.) Coral Reef Targeted Research & Capacity Building for Management Program: St Lucia, Australia. In Reef Rehabilitation Manual; Coral Reef Initiative for the South Pacific (CRISP): New Caledonia, France, 2010; p. 166. [Google Scholar]
- Rinkevich, B. Restoration strategies for coral reefs damaged by recreational activities: The use of sexual and asexual recruits. Restor. Ecol. 1995, 3, 241–251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rachmilovitz, E.N.; Rinkevich, B. Tiling the reef–exploring the first step of an ecological engineering tool that may promote phase-shift reversals in coral reefs. Ecol. Eng. 1997, 105, 150–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaly, U.L.; Jones, G.P. Mangrove restoration: A potential tool for coastal management in tropical developing countries. Ambio 1998, 27, 656–661. [Google Scholar]
- Ellison, A.M. Mangrove restoration: Do we know enough? Restor. Ecol. 2000, 8, 219–229. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gilman, E.; Ellison, J. Efficacy of alternative low-cost approaches to mangrove restoration, American Samoa. Est. Coasts 2007, 30, 641–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kamali, B.; Hashim, R. Mangrove restoration without planting. Ecol. Eng. 2011, 37, 387–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Seveso, D.; Louis, Y.D.; Montano, S.; Galli, P.; Saliu, F. The Mauritius Oil Spill: What’s Next? Pollutants 2021, 1, 18-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1010003
Seveso D, Louis YD, Montano S, Galli P, Saliu F. The Mauritius Oil Spill: What’s Next? Pollutants. 2021; 1(1):18-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1010003
Chicago/Turabian StyleSeveso, Davide, Yohan Didier Louis, Simone Montano, Paolo Galli, and Francesco Saliu. 2021. "The Mauritius Oil Spill: What’s Next?" Pollutants 1, no. 1: 18-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1010003
APA StyleSeveso, D., Louis, Y. D., Montano, S., Galli, P., & Saliu, F. (2021). The Mauritius Oil Spill: What’s Next? Pollutants, 1(1), 18-28. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants1010003