Clinical Evaluation of Body Composition, Diet, and Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Clinical Data
2.4. Body Composition
2.5. Nutrient and Food Group Intake
2.6. Exercise Habit Survey
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Primary Endpoint: Body Composition, Nutrients, and Exercise Habits in T1DM and NDM Groups
3.3. Secondary Endpoints: Parameters in Overweight and Non-Overweight T1DM Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T1DM (n = 45) | NDM (n = 50) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Height (cm) | 161.6 ± 9.3 | 164.7 ± 8.8 | 0.094 |
Body weight (kg) | 66.1 ± 13.9 | 63.0 ± 11.4 | 0.228 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 4.6 | 23.1 ± 3.1 | 0.040 * |
Duration of disease (years) | 21.4 ± 12.2 | NE | - |
Age of onset (years) | 21.8 ± 16.1 | NE | - |
Young onset n (%) † | 26 (58) | NE | - |
Treatment | NE | - | |
MDI n (%) | 35 (78) | NE | - |
CSII n (%) | 10 (22) | NE | - |
HCL n (%) | 2 (4) | NE | - |
SGLT2i n (%) | 12 (27) | NE | - |
Diabetic complications | NE | - | |
Neuropathy (+) n (%) | 2 (4) | NE | - |
Nephropathy (+) n (%) | 6 (12) | NE | - |
Retinopathy (+) | 6 (12) | NE | - |
HbA1c (%) | 7.7 ± 0.7 | NE | - |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 82.7 ± 22.4 | NE | - |
Cr (mg/dL) | 0.8 ± 0.2 | NE | - |
TG (mg/dL) | 138.7 ± 109.1 | NE | - |
CGM users n (%) | 43 (96) | NE | - |
TIR in CGM users (%) | 45.0 ± 15.1 | NE | - |
T1DM (n = 45) | NDM (n = 50) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal/day) | 1774 ± 579 | 1932 ± 514 | 0.162 |
Protein (%E) | 14.9 ± 2.9 | 15.9 ± 3.5 | 0.145 |
Fat (%E) | 28.9 ± 4.8 | 34.5 ± 5.3 | <0.001 ** |
Carbohydrate (%E) | 56.2 ± 6.9 | 49.6 ± 7.7 | <0.001 ** |
Calcium (mg/1000 kcal) | 258 ± 93.5 | 286.4 ± 130.8 | 0.244 |
Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal) | 127.1 ± 29.9 | 138.3 ± 36.3 | 0.108 |
Phosphorus (mg/1000 kcal) | 544.5 ± 117.7 | 587.6 ± 149.1 | 0.124 |
Iron (mg/1000 kcal) | 4.1 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 0.181 |
RAE (μg/1000 kcal) | 373.8 ± 188.1 | 401.5 ± 252.2 | 0.549 |
Vitamin D (μg/1000 kcal) | 7.2 ± 5.5 | 7.3 ± 5.4 | 0.863 |
Vitamin K (μg/1000 kcal) | 158.3 ± 91.0 | 189.3 ± 98.1 | 0.116 |
Vitamin B1 (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.39 ± 0.08 | 0.43 ± 0.10 | 0.013 * |
Vitamin B2 (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.69 ± 0.18 | 0.74 ± 0.21 | 0.133 |
Vitamin B6 (mg/1000 kcal) | 0.64 ± 0.16 | 0.72 ± 0.19 | 0.034 * |
Vitamin B12 (μg/1000 kcal) | 5.2 ± 3.3 | 5.0 ± 2.9 | 0.777 |
Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 48.3 ± 20.1 | 59.4 ± 28.2 | 0.032 * |
SFA (g/1000 kcal) | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 9.1 ± 2.0 | 0.308 |
Dietary fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 5.9 ± 1.8 | 6.6 ± 2.4 | 0.131 |
Salt equivalent (g/1000 kcal) | 5.7 ± 1.3 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 0.221 |
JOT1DM (n = 26) | YC (n = 29) | p-Value | N-JOT1DM (n = 19) | OC (n = 21) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 35.3 ± 13.2 | 36.2 ± 12.6 | 0.796 | 54.4 ± 11.7 | 54.0 ± 11.7 | 0.911 |
Men n (%) | 13 (50) | 15 (52) | 0.898 | 8 (42) | 9 (43) | 0.962 |
JOT1DM (n = 26) | YC (n = 29) | p-Value | N-JOT1DM (n = 19) | OC (n = 21) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Elementary school exercise habits | ||||||
Yes n (%) | 14 (54) | 23 (79) | 0.044 * | 8 (42) | 10 (48) | 0.726 |
No n (%) | 12 (46) | 6 (21) | 11 (58) | 11 (52) | ||
Middle school exercise habits | ||||||
Yes n (%) | 15 (58) | 26 (90) | 0.007 ** | 14 (74) | 17 (81) | 0.583 |
No n (%) | 11 (42) | 3 (10) | 5 (26) | 4 (19) | ||
High school exercise habits | ||||||
Yes n (%) | 8 (31) | 19 (66) | 0.010 * | 5 (26) | 16 (76) | 0.002 ** |
No n (%) | 18 (69) | 10 (34) | 14 (74) | 5 (24) | ||
Current exercise habits † | ||||||
Yes n (%) | 3 (12) | 10 (34) | 0.046 * | 5 (26) | 7 (33) | 0.629 |
No n (%) | 23 (88) | 19 (66) | 14 (74) | 14 (67) | ||
Current physical activity ‡ | ||||||
Yes n (%) | 13 (50) | 15 (52) | 0.898 | 12 (63) | 9 (43) | 0.119 |
No n (%) | 13 (50) | 14 (48) | 7 (37) | 12 (57) |
Non-Overweight T1DM (n = 22) | Overweight T1DM (n = 23) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 42.3 ± 17.1 | 44.4 ± 14.5 | 0.662 |
Men n (%) | 5 (23) | 16 (70) | 0.002 * |
Duration of disease (years) | 17.8 ± 9.8 | 24.8 ± 13.5 | 0.052 |
Treatment | |||
MDI n (%) | 16 (73) | 15 (65) | 0.586 |
SGLT2i n (%) | 2 (9) | 10 (43) | 0.009 * |
Body weight (kg) | 55.1 ± 7.8 | 76.6 ± 9.5 | <0.001 ** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 1.9 | 28.3 ± 1.9 | <0.001 ** |
Body fat (%) | 27.5 ± 7.6 | 34.6 ± 7.6 | 0.003 * |
SMI (kg/m2) | 6.2 ± 0.9 | 7.7 ± 1.0 | <0.001 ** |
HbA1c (%) | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 7.9 ± 0.6 | 0.007 * |
CBG (mg/dL) | 166.1 ± 65.6 | 180.0 ± 58.9 | 0.230 |
TG (mg/dL) | 92.8 ± 45.1 | 182.6 ± 133.2 | 0.003 * |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 82.9 ± 23.4 | 62.5 ± 13.3 | <0.001 ** |
Energy (kcal/day) | 1793 ± 617 | 1803 ± 552 | 0.365 |
Protein (%E) | 15.4 ± 2.6 | 14.5 ± 3.0 | 0.282 |
Fat (%E) | 30.6 ± 3.2 | 27.3 ± 5.5 | 0.020 * |
Carbohydrate (%E) | 54.0 ± 5.1 | 58.2 ± 7.9 | 0.041 * |
Current exercise habits | |||
Yes n (%) | 5 (23) | 3 (13) | 0.396 |
No n (%) | 17 (77) | 20 (87) | |
Current physical activity | |||
Yes n (%) | 13 (59) | 12 (52) | 0.641 |
No n (%) | 9 (41) | 11 (48) |
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Hanamura, I.; Hongo, R.; Abiru, N.; Sera, N. Clinical Evaluation of Body Composition, Diet, and Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetology 2025, 6, 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6040029
Hanamura I, Hongo R, Abiru N, Sera N. Clinical Evaluation of Body Composition, Diet, and Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetology. 2025; 6(4):29. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6040029
Chicago/Turabian StyleHanamura, Isaki, Ryoko Hongo, Norio Abiru, and Nobuko Sera. 2025. "Clinical Evaluation of Body Composition, Diet, and Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study" Diabetology 6, no. 4: 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6040029
APA StyleHanamura, I., Hongo, R., Abiru, N., & Sera, N. (2025). Clinical Evaluation of Body Composition, Diet, and Physical Activity in Type 1 Diabetes: A Controlled Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetology, 6(4), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6040029