Validated Diabetes Risk Scores and Their Associations with Lifestyle and Quality of Life in Spanish Workers
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Anthropometric and Clinical Assessments
2.4. Diabetes Risk Assessment
- Findrisc (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score): A cumulative score (range 0–26) derived from age, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, diet, antihypertensive medication, history of hyperglycemia, and family history of diabetes. A score ≥ 12 was considered moderate-to-high risk [38].
- QDScore: A prediction algorithm based on age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, family history, cardiovascular history, and social deprivation index. A threshold of ≥3 was defined as elevated risk [39].
- CANRISK (Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire): A validated self-administered questionnaire incorporating demographic, anthropometric, lifestyle, and family history factors. Scores ≥ 21 were classified as moderate-to-high risk [40].
2.5. Lifestyle and Behavioral Variables
- Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire—Short Form (IPAQ-SF). Participants were classified as physically active or inactive based on MET-min/week cut-offs defined by international guidelines [43].
- Smoking status was categorized as current smoker or non-smoker, based on self-report.
2.6. Sociodemographic Classification
2.7. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Comparison with Existing Literature
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Key Contributions
4.4. Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Low Diabetes Risk | High Diabetes Risk | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 42.1 ± 9.5 | 47.8 ± 10.2 | <0.001 |
Male (%) | 52.3 | 59.7 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.2 | 28.3 ± 4.1 | <0.001 |
Mediterranean diet adherence (mean score) | 8.1 ± 2.3 | 6.7 ± 2.4 | <0.001 |
Physical activity (high, %) | 46.8 | 32.5 | <0.001 |
Variable | Low Diabetes Risk | High Diabetes Risk | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Good HRQoL (%) | 65.2 | 51.3 | <0.001 |
Moderate HRQoL (%) | 22.7 | 28.4 | <0.001 |
Poor HRQoL (%) | 12.1 | 20.3 | <0.001 |
Predictor | OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Low Mediterranean diet adherence | 1.45 (1.32–1.58) | <0.001 |
Low physical activity | 1.39 (1.27–1.52) | <0.001 |
Poor HRQoL | 1.33 (1.22–1.47) | <0.001 |
Male sex | 1.28 (1.15–1.42) | <0.001 |
Older age (>45 years) | 1.52 (1.38–1.66) | <0.001 |
Findrisc Moderate-High | QD-Score ≥ 3 | CANRISK Moderate-High | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | OR (95% CI) | p-Value | |
Women | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Men | 0.90 (0.85–0.96) | <0.001 | 1.09 (1.06–1.13) | <0.001 | 3.95 (3.68–4.23) | <0.001 |
18–29 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
30–39 years | 1.57 (1.41–1.74) | <0.001 | 1.16 (1.13–1.20) | <0.001 | 2.27 (2.14–2.41) | <0.001 |
40–49 years | 3.60 (3.24–3.97) | <0.001 | 1.32 (1.25–1.40) | <0.001 | 3.50 (3.24–3.77) | <0.001 |
50–59 years | 8.23 (7.30–9.17) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.48–1.70) | <0.001 | 5.11 (4.62–5.61) | <0.001 |
60–69 years | 8.53 (7.57–9.49) | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.80–2.38) | <0.001 | 7.12 (6.20–8.05) | <0.001 |
Social class I | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Social class II | 1.19 (1.15–1.24) | <0.001 | 1.10 (1.07–1.14) | <0.001 | 2.49 (2.30–2.69) | <0.001 |
Social class III | 1.43 (1.34–1.53) | <0.001 | 1.29 (1.21–1.37) | <0.001 | 2.97 (2.56–3.27) | <0.001 |
Non-smokers | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Smokers | 1.21 (1.16–1.26) | <0.001 | 1.15 (1.10–1.21) | <0.001 | 1.33 (1.28–1.39) | <0.001 |
Yes Mediterranean diet | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Non Mediterranean diet | 4.69 (3.98–5.39) | <0.001 | 5.52 (4.80–6.25) | <0.001 | 3.71 (3.29–4.13) | <0.001 |
Yes physical activity | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
Non physical activity | 8.98 (7.96–10.01) | <0.001 | 9.33 (8.01–10.66) | <0.001 | 7.22 (6.60–7.83) | <0.001 |
SF-12 good | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
SF-12 poor | 8.38 (7.43–9.33) | <0.001 | 3.57 (2.98–4.37) | <0.001 | 4.14 (3.68–4.61) | <0.001 |
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Jansana, M.D.M.; López, P.J.T.; Miquel, J.J.G.; López-González, Á.A.; Sbert, P.R.; Busquets-Cortés, C.; Ramírez-Manent, J.I. Validated Diabetes Risk Scores and Their Associations with Lifestyle and Quality of Life in Spanish Workers. Diabetology 2025, 6, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100109
Jansana MDM, López PJT, Miquel JJG, López-González ÁA, Sbert PR, Busquets-Cortés C, Ramírez-Manent JI. Validated Diabetes Risk Scores and Their Associations with Lifestyle and Quality of Life in Spanish Workers. Diabetology. 2025; 6(10):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100109
Chicago/Turabian StyleJansana, María Dolores Marzoa, Pedro Juan Tárraga López, Juan José Guarro Miquel, Ángel Arturo López-González, Pere Riutord Sbert, Carla Busquets-Cortés, and José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent. 2025. "Validated Diabetes Risk Scores and Their Associations with Lifestyle and Quality of Life in Spanish Workers" Diabetology 6, no. 10: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100109
APA StyleJansana, M. D. M., López, P. J. T., Miquel, J. J. G., López-González, Á. A., Sbert, P. R., Busquets-Cortés, C., & Ramírez-Manent, J. I. (2025). Validated Diabetes Risk Scores and Their Associations with Lifestyle and Quality of Life in Spanish Workers. Diabetology, 6(10), 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology6100109