Aloe Vera Polysaccharides as Therapeutic Agents: Benefits Versus Side Effects in Biomedical Applications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Aloe Vera and Its Bioactive Compounds
2.1. Chemical Composition
2.1.1. Aloe Vera Gel
2.1.2. Aloe Vera Latex
2.1.3. Extraction and Isolation of Polysaccharides
2.2. Properties of Aloe Vera Polysaccharides Bioactive Compounds and Their Mechanisms of Action
3. Potential Aloe Vera Therapeutic Applications
3.1. Antiseptic
3.2. Anti-Inflammatory Action
3.3. Skin Health
3.4. Tissue Engineering
3.5. Antiviral and Anti-Tumoral Action
4. Delivery Methods
4.1. Gels
4.2. Thin Films
4.3. Wound Dressings
4.4. Oral Administration
4.5. Scaffolds
5. Benefits and Risks
5.1. Advantages
5.2. Side Effects
5.3. Combined Medical Association
5.4. Comparison of Aloe Vera Polysaccharides with Synthetic Counterparts
6. Conclusions
7. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mechanism of Action | Description | References |
---|---|---|
Immunomodulation | AVPs, especially acemannan, enhance the proliferation and activity of immune cells, promoting a robust immune response. | [29,30] |
Anti-inflammatory Effects | AVPs inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, reducing inflammation in various conditions. | [4,31] |
Antimicrobial Activity | Aloe Vera extracts exhibit significant antimicrobial properties, disrupting the cell membranes of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. | [32,33] |
Wound Healing Promotion | AVPs facilitate fibroblast migration and proliferation, enhancing collagen synthesis and tissue regeneration | [34,35,36] |
Antioxidant Properties | AVPs possess antioxidant capabilities, neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in cells. | [5,37] |
Gastrointestinal Health | AVPs have been linked to improved gut health, acting as prebiotics and promoting beneficial gut microbiota. | [38,39] |
Antidiabetic Effects | AVPs show potential in managing diabetes | [29,40] |
Anticancer Properties | Certain polysaccharides in Aloe Vera have demonstrated anticancer effects via inducing apoptosis in cancer cells | [31,41] |
Bacterial Strain | Gram Classification | Effect of Aloe Vera | Mechanism of Action | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus aureus | Gram+ | Inhibits growth and biofilm formation | Disrupts cell membrane integrity and inhibits quorum-sensing | [55,57] |
Streptococcus pyogenes | Gram+ | Reduces bacterial viability and colonization | Interferes with cell wall synthesis and membrane permeability | [43,57] |
Bacillus subtilis | Gram+ | Suppresses bacterial growth | Disrupts membrane potential and inhibits enzyme activity | [60] |
Escherichia coli | Gram− | Inhibits growth and reduces biofilm formation | Interacts with lipopolysaccharides in the outer membrane, increasing permeability | [44,57] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Gram− | Reduces bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation | Disrupts membrane integrity and inhibits quorum-sensing | [45,55] |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | Gram− | Inhibits growth and reduces virulence | Disrupts membrane stability and inhibits efflux pumps | [60] |
Salmonella typhimurium | Gram− | Reduces bacterial viability and colonization | Interferes with membrane integrity and nutrient uptake | [44] |
Helicobacter pylori | Gram− | Inhibits growth and reduces gastric colonization | Disrupts membrane integrity and inhibits urease activity | [54] |
Proteus vulgaris | Gram− | Suppresses bacterial growth | Disrupts membrane potential and inhibits enzyme activity | [60] |
Enterococcus faecalis | Gram− | Inhibits growth and biofilm formation | Disrupts cell wall synthesis and membrane integrity | [55] |
Fungal Strain | Mechanism of Action | Key Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Candida albicans | Disruption of cell membrane integrity and inhibition of biofilm formation | AV extracts inhibit growth and reduces the biofilm formation of Candida albicans | [55,57] |
Aspergillus niger | Interference with fungal cell wall synthesis and membrane stability | AV gel exhibits antifungal activity, reducing spore germination | [60] |
Trichophyton mentagrophytes | Inhibition of fungal enzymes and disruption of hyphal growth | AV extracts show significant antifungal activity against dermatophytes like Trichophyton spp. | [44] |
Fusarium oxysporum | Induction of oxidative stress and disruption of fungal cell membranes | AV polysaccharides reduce fungal growth and spore production | [45] |
Cryptococcus neoformans | Enhanced immune response and direct antifungal activity | AV enhances macrophage activity, reducing fungal viability | [55] |
Alternaria alternata | Inhibition of fungal spore germination and mycelial growth | AV extracts inhibit the growth of Alternaria alternata, a common plant pathogen | [60] |
Malassezia furfur | Disruption of lipid-dependent fungal membranes | AV gel reduces the growth of this fungus associated with skin conditions | [57] |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | Induction of oxidative stress and disruption of yeast cell membranes | AV polysaccharides inhibit the growth of the fungus by inducing cell lysis | [44] |
Aloe Vera Polysaccharide Com-pound | Delivery Method | In Vivo Experiments | Clinical Trials | Mode of Action | Biomedical Application |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acemannan | Oral supplements, topical gel | Demonstrated wound healing in diabetic rats [31] | Effective in treating second-degree burns [117] | Anti-inflammatory, promotes cell proliferation [31] | Wound healing, burn treatment |
Glucomannan | Oral supplements, topical gel | Enhanced skin hydration in animal models [118] | Improved skin integrity in pressure ulcer patients [119] | Moisture retention, skin barrier enhancement [120] | Pressure ulcer prevention, skin care |
Mannan | Oral supplements, topical gel | Induced apoptosis in cancer cells [31] | Reduced symptoms in oral submucous fibrosis [121] | Immunomodulation, anticancer properties [31] | Cancer treatment, oral health |
Fructans | Oral supplements, edible coatings | Improved gut health in animal models [39] | Enhanced healing in oral lesions [122] | Prebiotic effects, supports gut microbiota [39] | Digestive health, oral care |
Polysaccharide-rich gel | Topical applications, gels | Reduced erythema in skin irritation models [118] | Effective in managing dermatitis in cancer patients [123,124] | Anti-inflammatory, skin healing [106] | Dermatological applications |
Aloe polysaccharide extract | Oral supplements, topical applications | Enhanced wound healing in diabetic models [31] | Improved healing in chronic wounds [125] | Promotes cell migration and proliferation [31] | Chronic wound management |
Aloe gel (mucilage) | Topical applications, creams | Demonstrated anti-inflammatory effects in psoriasis models [126] | Clinical improvement in psoriasis symptoms [126] | Anti-inflammatory, skin barrier restoration [126] | Psoriasis treatment |
Aloe Vera Combination Therapies | In Vivo Experiments | Clinical Trials | Type of Cancer | Mode of Action |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aloe Vera with Radiotherapy | Aloe Vera lotion improved skin tolerance and reduced dermatitis incidence in animal models. | Aloe Vera ointment prevented acute radiation-induced proctitis in pelvic cancer patients. | Skin cancer; pelvic cancer [89] | Anti-inflammatory effects, skin healing properties. |
Aloe Vera with Chemotherapy | Enhanced efficacy of chemo-therapeutic agents, reducing tumor growth in animal models. | Evidence of Aloe Vera’s role in alleviating oral mucositis in head and neck cancer patients. | Head and neck cancer [179,180,181] | Reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines, promoting healing. |
Aloe Vera extract improved partial response rates in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer patients compared to chemotherapy alone. | Lung cancer [94] | |||
Aloe Vera with Mesenchymal Stem Cells | Aloe Vera enhanced the regenerative properties of stem cells in animal models. | Explored Aloe Vera’s role in enhancing bone regeneration in patients. | Various cancers [182] | Promotes cell proliferation and reduces inflammation. |
Aloe Vera with Honey | Combined treatment reduced tumor growth in animal models. | Limited trials exploring combined means of cancer treatment. | Various cancers [183] | Induction of apoptosis and inhibition of cell proliferation. |
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Matei, C.E.; Visan, A.I.; Cristescu, R. Aloe Vera Polysaccharides as Therapeutic Agents: Benefits Versus Side Effects in Biomedical Applications. Polysaccharides 2025, 6, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6020036
Matei CE, Visan AI, Cristescu R. Aloe Vera Polysaccharides as Therapeutic Agents: Benefits Versus Side Effects in Biomedical Applications. Polysaccharides. 2025; 6(2):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6020036
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatei, Consuela Elena, Anita Ioana Visan, and Rodica Cristescu. 2025. "Aloe Vera Polysaccharides as Therapeutic Agents: Benefits Versus Side Effects in Biomedical Applications" Polysaccharides 6, no. 2: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6020036
APA StyleMatei, C. E., Visan, A. I., & Cristescu, R. (2025). Aloe Vera Polysaccharides as Therapeutic Agents: Benefits Versus Side Effects in Biomedical Applications. Polysaccharides, 6(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides6020036