Effect of Ti-Based Additives on the Hydrogen Storage Properties of MgH2: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Fundamentals of the MgH2 System
2.1. Crystal Structure of MgH2 System
2.2. Thermodynamics of the MgH2 System
2.3. Kinetics of MgH2 System
- (i)
- Surface assimilation of molecular hydrogen:
- (ii)
- Hydrogen molecules convert into atoms:
- (iii)
- Penetration of hydrogen atoms on the surface:
- (iv)
- Diffusion of atomic hydrogen:
- (v)
- Formation of hydride at the metal/hydride interface:
- k = β/Tp2;
- β = heating rate;
- Tp = peak temperature;
- Ea = activation energy of desorption;
- R = gas constant.
3. Effect of Catalyst
3.1. Transition Metal Catalyst or Additives
3.2. Titanium-Based Additives
3.2.1. Titanium or Titanium Hydride
3.2.2. Titanium Oxide
3.2.3. Titanium Halide
3.2.4. Ti-Based Intermetallics
3.2.5. Titanium Carbides and Carbonitrides
3.3. Other Catalysts and Additives
4. Discussion
5. Future Prospects and Challenges
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Structure Type | Unit Cell (Å) | Positional Parameters | BO (GPa) | Bo | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | ||||
β-MgH2 | 4.5176 | 4.5176 | 3.0206 | Mg(2a), 0, 0, 0 | 45.00 ± 2 | 3.35 ± 0.3 |
γ-MgH2 | 4.6655 | 4.6655 | 4.6655 | Mg(4a), 0, 0, 0 | 47.41 ± 4 | 3.39 ± 0.4 |
α-MgH2 | 4.5248 | 5.442 | 4.9285 | Mg(4c), 0, 0, 0 | 44.03 ± 2 | 3.17 ± 0.4 |
δ-MgH2 | 8.8069 | 4.6838 | 4.3699 | Mg(4c), 0.8823, 0.271, 0.2790 | 49.83 ± 5 | 3.49 ± 0.6 |
Materials | Synthetic Method | Tdes | Hydrogen Desorption Capacity (wt%) | Activation Energy (kJ/mol H2) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
7MgH2/TiH2 | Ball milling | 126 °C | 5.5 | 79 | [53] |
10MgH2/TiH2 | Ball milling | 101 °C | 5 | 71 | [53] |
MgH2-1 at%Ti | Ball milling | 278 °C | 4.9 | 208 | [49] |
MgH2-5 at%Ti | Ball milling | 274 °C | 4.5 | 156 | [49] |
MgH2-Ni/Ti | Ball milling | 256 °C | 2.9 | 81 | [49] |
MgH2-Ti5Fe5Ni5 | Ball milling | 270 °C | 5.3 | 45.63 | [50] |
MgH2-Ti2 | Ball milling | 257 °C | 6.18 | 103.9 | [51] |
MgH2-0.1TiH2 | Ultrahigh-energy−high pressure (UHEHP) ball milling | 290 °C | 6.20 | 58.4 | [54] |
0.7MgH2–0.3TiH2 | Reactive ball milling | 573 K less than 100 s | - | [59] | |
MgH2/0.1TiH2 | High pressure ball milling | 269–301 | - | 77.4 | [60] |
Mg-2% Ti | Inert gas condensation | 320 °C | 4.50 | [61] | |
MgH2 + 2 at%Ti | Cold rolling (5 times, air) | 623 K | 6.00 | [62] | |
MgH2-4 mol%Ti | Ball Milling | 573 K | 1.10 | [63] | |
MgH2-5 at%Ti | Ball Milling | 235.6 °C | 70.11 | [64] | |
MgH2-5 at%Ti | Ball Milling | 523 K | 5.50 | 71.1 | [64] |
MgH2-5 at%Ti | 573 K | 5.20 | [64] | ||
Mg-5%Ti | Chemical Vapor Synthesis | 104 | [65] | ||
Mg-14 at%Ti | Gas phase condensation | 35 | [56] | ||
MgH2-15%Ti | Ball Milling | 573 K | 0.12 | [57] | |
Mg0.9Ti0.1 | Ball Milling | 76 | [58] | ||
Mg0.75Ti0.25 | Ball Milling | 88 | [58] | ||
Mg0.5Ti0.5 | Ball Milling | 91 | [58] | ||
MgH2-20%Ti | Ball Milling | 72 ± 3 | [66] | ||
MgH2-coated Ti | Ball Milling | 250 °C | 5.00 | [66] | |
Mg83.5Ti16.5 | Ball Milling | 300 °C | 2.50 | [67] | |
15Mg-Ti | Chemical Method | [68] | |||
MgH2-5 at%Ti | Chemical Method | 270 °C | 5.80 | 67.24 | [63] |
4MgH2-TiH2 | Ball Milling | 68 | [52] | ||
MgH2 + 10 mol%TiH2 | Ball Milling | 16.24 | [55] | ||
Mg-9.2% TiH1.971-3.7%TiH1.5 | Ball Milling | 573 K | 4.10 | 46.2 | [69] |
Mg0.65Ti0.35D1.2 | Ball Milling | 17 | [70] |
Materials | Synthetic Method | Tdes. | Hydrogen Desorption Capacity (wt%) | Eact(kJ/mol H2) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mg-TiO2 | Arc evaporation | 300 °C | 6.34 | 77.2 | [42] |
MgH2-5 mol%TiO2 (rutile) | Ball milling | 300 °C | 4.40 | [78] | |
MgH2-5 mol%TiO2 (anatase) | Ball milling | 300 °C | 1.95 | 52.7 | [78] |
MgH2-10% TiO2 | Ball Milling | 300 °C | 6.00 | [82] | |
MgH2-20% TiO2 | Ball Milling | 350 °C | 4.40 | [83] | |
MgH2 +5 wt%TiO2(np) (>50 nm) | Ball Milling | 335 °C | [75] | ||
MgH2 + 5 wt%TiO2 (np) (<50 nm) | Ball milling | 310 °C | 57 | [75] | |
MgH2 + 6% TiO2 | Ball Milling | 145.8 | [84] | ||
MgH2 +10% TiO2 | Ball Milling | 200 °C | 75.50 | [85] | |
MgH2-x wt%TiO2@C | Ball Milling | 195 °C | 6.2 | 106 | [79] |
MgH2-TiO2@rGO-EA | Ball Milling | 265 °C | 4.2 | 86.7 ± 8.0 | [86] |
MgH2-40TiO2@rGO-EG | Ball Milling | 261 °C | 5.9 | [86] |
Materials | Synthetic Method | Tdes. | Hydrogen Desorption Capacity (wt%) | Eact (kJ/mol H2) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MgH2 + 4 mol%TiF3 | Ball milling | 173 °C | 6.14 | [51] | |
MgH2 + 4 mol%TiF3 | Ball milling | 300 °C | 5 | [96] | |
MgH2 + 5 wt%TiF3 | Ball milling | 300 °C | 5.5 | [97] | |
MgH2 + 10 wt%K2TiF6 | Ball Milling | 245 °C | 6.5 | [98] | |
MgH2 + 7 wt%TiCl3 | Ball Milling | 225 °C | 79 | [93] | |
MgH2-10% TiF4 | Ball Milling | 216 °C | 6.6 | 71 | [99] |
MgH2-10% TiF4 | Ball milling | 154 °C | 70 | [95] | |
MgH2 + 4 mol%TiF3 | Ball Milling | 573 °C | 4.5 | [63] | |
MgH2 + 4 mol%TiCl3 | Ball Milling | 573 °C | 3.70 | [63] |
Materials | Synthetic Method | Tdes. | Hydrogen Desorption Capacity (wt%) | Eact (kJ/mol H2) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MgH2-5 at%TiAl | Ball milling | 270 °C | 4.90 | 65.08 | [64] |
MgH2-5 at%Ti3Al | Ball milling | 232.3 | 70.61 | [64] | |
Mg85Al7.5Ti7.5 | DC-Magnetron Co-Sputtering | 200 °C | 5.30 | [109] | |
Mg0.63Ti0.27Si0.10D1.1 | Ball Milling | 27 | [70] | ||
MgH2-5 at%TiNi | Ball Milling | 242.4 °C | 73.09 | [64] | |
15Mg-Ti-0.75Ni | Chemical method | 63 | [68] | ||
MgH2-5 at%TiNb | Ball Milling | 27 °C | 5.90 | 71.72 | [64] |
MgH2-5 at%Cr-5 at%Ti | Film | 200 °C | 6.00 | 3.70 | [110] |
MgH2-7 at%Cr-13 at%Ti | Film | 200 °C | 5.00 | [110] | |
MgH2-5 at%TiFe | Ball Milling | 270 °C | 5.20 | 72.63 | [64] |
MgH2-5 at%TiMn2 | Ball Milling | 270 °C | 4.60 | 74.22 | [64] |
Mg87.5Ti9.6V2.9 | Hydrogen plasma metal reaction | 300 °C | 4.00 | 73.08 | [69] |
MgH2-5 at%TiVMn | Ball Milling | 270 °C | 5.70 | 85.20 | [64] |
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Jangir, M.; Jain, I.P.; Mirabile Gattia, D. Effect of Ti-Based Additives on the Hydrogen Storage Properties of MgH2: A Review. Hydrogen 2023, 4, 523-541. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4030034
Jangir M, Jain IP, Mirabile Gattia D. Effect of Ti-Based Additives on the Hydrogen Storage Properties of MgH2: A Review. Hydrogen. 2023; 4(3):523-541. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4030034
Chicago/Turabian StyleJangir, Mukesh, Indra Prabh Jain, and Daniele Mirabile Gattia. 2023. "Effect of Ti-Based Additives on the Hydrogen Storage Properties of MgH2: A Review" Hydrogen 4, no. 3: 523-541. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen4030034