Molecular Hydrogen as Medicine: An Assessment of Administration Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. H2—A Novel Medical Molecule?
A Brief History of H2 as a Medical Gas
3. The H2 Hypothesis
3.1. Mechanisms of Action
3.2. Effects on Human Physiology
4. H2—Methods of Administration
4.1. Ingestion
4.1.1. Dietary Supplements
4.1.2. Hydrogen-Rich Water (HRW)
4.2. Inhalation—H2 and HHO
4.3. Infusion
Hydrogen-Rich Saline
4.4. Nanotechnology
4.4.1. Nanodevices—Mg/Hyaluronic Acid
4.4.2. Nanoparticles—Palladium Hydride (PdH)
4.5. Topical Administration—Bath, Gels, and Patches
5. Future Perspectives
5.1. Mitigating the Risks
5.2. Research Requirements
5.2.1. Clinical
5.2.2. Empirical
5.2.3. Financial
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Alanine transaminase | ALT |
Aspartate Transaminase | AST |
Catalase | CAT |
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | COPD |
Coronavirus Infectious Disease | COVID-19 |
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease | GERD |
Glutathione Peroxidase | GPx |
Hydrogen-Rich Saline | HRS |
Hydrogen-Rich Water | HRW |
Insulin-like growth factor-1 | IGF-1 |
Irritable Bowel Disease | IBD |
Lactate Dehydrogenase | LDH |
Lipopolysaccharide | LPS |
Malondialdehyde | (MDA) |
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 | NRF2 |
Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells | NF-kB |
Oxy–hydrogen | HHO |
Palladium-hydride | PdH |
Polymeric poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) | PLGA |
Reactive Oxygen Species | ROS |
Superoxide Dismutase | (SOD) |
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Organ | H2 Concentration-µmol/L | Comments |
---|---|---|
Brain | 26 | H2 can traverse the blood–brain barrier |
Kidney | 18 | Lowest tested tissue concentration of H2 |
Liver | 29 | Glycogen has a high capacity for storing H2 |
Mesentery Fat | 23 | Improved lipid profiling |
Thigh Muscle | 18 | Retained H2 significantly longer than other tissues |
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Russell, G.; Nenov, A.; Kisher, H.; Hancock, J.T. Molecular Hydrogen as Medicine: An Assessment of Administration Methods. Hydrogen 2021, 2, 444-460. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2040025
Russell G, Nenov A, Kisher H, Hancock JT. Molecular Hydrogen as Medicine: An Assessment of Administration Methods. Hydrogen. 2021; 2(4):444-460. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2040025
Chicago/Turabian StyleRussell, Grace, Alexander Nenov, Hesham Kisher, and John T. Hancock. 2021. "Molecular Hydrogen as Medicine: An Assessment of Administration Methods" Hydrogen 2, no. 4: 444-460. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrogen2040025