Forest Management Effects on Breeding Bird Communities in Apennine Beech Stands
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Bird Survey
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bird Community Structure
3.2. Bird Community Composition
3.3. Bird Community Specialization
4. Discussion
4.1. Bird Community Structure
4.2. Bird Community Composition
4.3. Ecological Specialization
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Site Code | Site Name | Coordinate | Management | Age Class Structure | Volume (m3 ha−1) | Deadwood Volume (m3 ha−1) | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Exposure (°N) | Forest Cover (Proportion) Within 1 km Buffer | Forest Cover (Proportion) Within 5 km Buffer |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA1 | Casella 1 | 43°39′37.34″ N, 11°55′11.7″ E | Uniform shelterwood system | Even-aged (ca. 20-years-old) | - | 5.5 | 1125 | 228 | 0.97 | 0.81 |
PDO | Pian degli Ontani | 44°6′26.52″ N, 10°41′40.14″ E | Uniform shelterwood system | Even-aged (ca. 60-years-old) | 528.2 | 6.4 | 1229 | 26 | 0.97 | 0.88 |
CA2 | Casella 2 | 44°6′33.13″ N, 10°41′49.6″ E | Uniform shelterwood system | Even-aged (ca. 100-years-old) | 204.4 | 14.9 | 1102 | 279 | 0.97 | 0.77 |
BDB | Bosco di Baldo | 44°6′33.13″ N, 10°41′49.6″ E | Single-tree selection system | Uneven-aged | 363.4 | 4.4 | 1189 | 61 | 0.97 | 0.87 |
LVN | La Verna | 43°42′32.48″ N, 11°55′51.67″ E | Unmanaged | Uneven-aged | 997.8 | 426 | 1165 | 142 | 0.86 | 0.85 |
Euring | Species | Breeding Site | CA1 | PDO | CA2 | BDB | LVN | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Northern Goshawk | Accipiter gentilis | other | 0.02 | ||||
2 | Eurasian Buzzard | Buteo buteo | other | 0.06 | ||||
3 | Common Woodpigeon | Columba palumbus | other | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.02 | 0.17 |
4 | Common Cuckoo | Cuculus canorus | other | 0.40 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.02 |
5 | Eurasian Green Woodpecker | Picus viridis | CAV | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
6 | Black Woodpecker | Dryocopus martius | CAV | 0.25 | ||||
7 | Great Spotted Woodpecker | Dendrocopos major | CAV | 0.42 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.40 | |
8 | Lesser Spotted Woodpecker | Dryobates minor | CAV | 0.04 | 0.06 | |||
9 | Northern Wren | Troglodytes troglodytes | other | 0.31 | 0.96 | |||
10 | European Robin | Erithacus rubecula | other | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.73 | 0.94 | 0.94 |
11 | Eurasian Blackbird | Turdus merula | other | 0.71 | 0.67 | 0.83 | 0.71 | 0.52 |
12 | Song Thrush | Turdus philomelos | other | 0.38 | 0.13 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 1.00 |
13 | Mistle Thrush | Turdus viscivorus | other | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.02 |
14 | Eurasian Blackcap | Sylvia atricapilla | other | 0.98 | 0.33 | 0.96 | 0.46 | 0.69 |
15 | Wood Warbler | Phylloscopus sibilatrix | other | 0.15 | ||||
16 | Common Chiffchaff | Phylloscopus collybita | other | 0.96 | 0.31 | 0.94 | 0.23 | 0.02 |
17 | Common Firecrest | Regulus ignicapilla | other | 0.63 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 1.00 | |
18 | Long-tailed Tit | Aegithalos caudatus | other | 0.13 | 0.02 | |||
19 | Marsh Tit | Poecile palustris | CAV | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.13 | 0.15 |
20 | Crested Tit | Lophophanes cristatus | CAV | 0.02 | ||||
21 | Coal Tit | Periparus ater | CAV | 0.29 | 0.65 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 0.69 |
22 | Eurasian Blue Tit | Cyanistes caeruleus | CAV | 0.33 | 0.06 | 0.50 | 0.38 | 0.13 |
23 | Great Tit | Parus major | CAV | 0.19 | 0.25 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.35 |
24 | Eurasian Nuthatch | Sitta europaea | CAV | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.56 |
25 | Eurasian Treecreeper | Certhia familiaris | CAV | 0.23 | ||||
26 | Short-toed Treecreeper | Certhia brachydactyla | CAV | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.90 | ||
27 | Eurasian Jay | Garrulus glandarius | other | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.13 |
28 | Carrion Crow | Corvus corone | other | 0.04 | 0.33 | 0.02 | ||
29 | Common Chaffinch | Fringilla coelebs | other | 0.21 | 0.96 | 0.54 | 0.83 | 0.81 |
30 | Red Crossbill | Loxia curvirostra | other | 0.02 | ||||
31 | Eurasian Bullfinch | Pyrrhula pyrrhula | other | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
Site | CA1 | PDO | CA2 | BDB | LVN |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Models for total richness | |||||
CA1 | - | 0.93 | 0.82 * | 0.92 | 0.57 *** |
PDO | 1.07 | - | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.62 *** |
CA2 | 1.22 * | 1.14 | - | 1.12 | 0.70 *** |
BDB | 1.09 | 1.01 | 0.89 | - | 0.63 *** |
LVN | 1.74 *** | 1.62 *** | 1.42 *** | 1.60 *** | - |
Models for cavity-nesting richness | |||||
CA1 | - | 0.54 ** | 0.54 ** | 0.50 *** | 0.24 *** |
PDO | 1.84 ** | - | 1 | 0.92 | 0.44 *** |
CA2 | 1.84 ** | 1 | - | 0.92 | 0.44 *** |
BDB | 2.01 *** | 1.09 | 1.09 | - | 0.48 *** |
LVN | 4.22 *** | 2.30 *** | 2.29 *** | 2.10 *** | - |
Models for other species richness | |||||
CA1 | - | 1.06 | 0.9 | 1.08 | 0.77 ** |
PDO | 0.94 | - | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.72 *** |
CA2 | 1.11 | 1.18 | - | 1.20 * | 0.86 |
BDB | 0.92 | 0.98 | 0.83 * | - | 0.71 *** |
LVN | 1.3 | 1.38 | 1.17 | 1.14 *** | - |
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Londi, G.; Parisi, F.; Vangi, E.; D’Amico, G.; Travaglini, D. Forest Management Effects on Breeding Bird Communities in Apennine Beech Stands. Ecologies 2025, 6, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6030054
Londi G, Parisi F, Vangi E, D’Amico G, Travaglini D. Forest Management Effects on Breeding Bird Communities in Apennine Beech Stands. Ecologies. 2025; 6(3):54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6030054
Chicago/Turabian StyleLondi, Guglielmo, Francesco Parisi, Elia Vangi, Giovanni D’Amico, and Davide Travaglini. 2025. "Forest Management Effects on Breeding Bird Communities in Apennine Beech Stands" Ecologies 6, no. 3: 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6030054
APA StyleLondi, G., Parisi, F., Vangi, E., D’Amico, G., & Travaglini, D. (2025). Forest Management Effects on Breeding Bird Communities in Apennine Beech Stands. Ecologies, 6(3), 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies6030054