The Restoration of Degraded Landscapes along the Urban–Rural Gradient of Lubumbashi City (Democratic Republic of the Congo) by Acacia auriculiformis Plantations: Their Spatial Dynamics and Impact on Plant Diversity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area: The Urban Zone and Peri-Urban Zone of Lubumbashi City
2.2. Exploratory Visits and Spatial Analysis
2.3. Floristic Data Collection and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Mapping and Spatial Pattern of A. auriculiformis Plantations
3.2. Flora Richness and Diversity in the Plantations of A. auriculiformis along the Urban–Rural Gradient of Lubumbashi City
4. Discussion
4.1. Spatial Pattern Dynamics of A. auriculiformis and Its Impact on Phytodiversity
4.2. Implications for the (Peri-)Urban Landscape’s Ecological Restoration
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Attached Green Space | Park | Street Trees | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PN | CA (ha) | PN | CA (ha) | PN | CA (ha) | |
2006 | ||||||
PZ | 1 | 1.60 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 0.00 |
UZ | 7 | 12.33 | 1 | 0.14 | 3 | 1.21 |
2014 | ||||||
PZ | 2 | 4.18 | 1 | 4.36 | 0 | 0.00 |
UZ | 8 | 18.36 | 1 | 0.33 | 5 | 2.15 |
2021 | ||||||
PZ | 1 | 0.65 | 1 | 5.27 | 0 | 0.00 |
UZ | 9 | 18.21 | 1 | 0.14 | 5 | 3.62 |
Indices | UZ | PZ |
---|---|---|
Species richness (n = 39) | 29 | 20 |
Genera (n = 29) | 20 | 16 |
Family (15) | 11 | 9 |
Simpson_1-D | 0.76 | 0.68 |
Shannon_H | 2.34 | 1.63 |
Proportion of Adult (%) | Proportion of Seedling (%) | |
---|---|---|
UZ (n = 207) | 94.2 | 5.8 |
PU (n = 150) | 89.3 | 10.7 |
Average Height (m) | Average Diameter (cm) | |
---|---|---|
UZ (n = 104) | 10.87 ± 4.09 | 28.02 ± 14.8 |
PZ (n = 61) | 11.03 ± 10.6 | 30.4 ± 15.7 |
T | 0.11 | 0.96 |
p-value | ns | ns |
Family | Species | RA UZ (n = 223) | RA PZ (n = 134) | RF UZ (n = 4) | RF PZ (n = 2) | Origin Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica L. | 3.1 | 1.5 | 25.0 | 50.0 | Ex |
Apocynaceae | * Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Muell. Arg.) Pichon | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | In |
Arecaceae | Elaeis guineensis Jacq. | 1.3 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | In |
Ebenaceae | * Diospyros discolor Willd. | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | In |
Fabaceae | + Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. | 46.6 | 45.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | Ex |
Fabaceae | + Acacia heterophylla Willd. | 4.5 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Fabaceae | + Acacia mangium Willd. | 2.7 | 3.0 | 25.0 | 50.0 | Ex |
Fabaceae | + Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. | 2.2 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Fabaceae | * Baphia bequaertii De Wild. | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | In |
Fabaceae | Bauhinia variegata L. | 1.3 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Fabaceae | * Brachystegia boehmii Taub. | 3.1 | 0.7 | 25.0 | 50.0 | In |
Fabaceae | * Brachystegia longifolia Benth. | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | In |
Fabaceae | * Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. | 1.3 | 0.7 | 25.0 | 50.0 | In |
Fabaceae | Ceratonia siliqua L. | 2.7 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Fabaceae | Delonix regia (Bojer) Rafin | 1.3 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Fabaceae | * Erythrophleum africanum (Welw. ex Benth.) Harms | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | In |
Fabaceae | * Isoberlinia angolensis (Benth.) Hoyle & Brenan | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | In |
Fabaceae | * Julbernardia paniculata (Benth.) Troupin. | 1.8 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | In |
Fabaceae | * Pterocarpus angolensis D.C | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | In |
Fabaceae | Senna siamea Lam. | 0.4 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Fabaceae | Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | Ex |
Kirkiaceae | * Kirkia acuminata Oliv. | 0.9 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | In |
Lamiaceae | * Vitex madiensis Oliv. | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | In |
Lauraceae | Persea americana Mill. | 0.9 | 0.7 | 25.0 | 50.0 | Ex |
Meliaceae | + Melia azedarach L. | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 50.0 | Ex |
Mimosaceae | * Albizia adianthifolia (Schum.) W. F. Wight | 1.3 | 6.7 | 25.0 | 50.0 | In |
Mimosaceae | Albizia brevifolia Schinz. | 0.4 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Mimosaceae | + Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. | 2.7 | 30.6 | 50.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Mimosaceae | + Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit. | 7.2 | 2.2 | 50.0 | 50.0 | Ex |
Moraceae | * Ficus benjamina L. | 0.4 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | In |
Moraceae | * Ficus sp. | 0.9 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | In |
Moraceae | * Ficus sycomorus L. | 1.3 | 0.7 | 25.0 | 50.0 | In |
Myrtaceae | + Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G.Don | 0.9 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Myrtaceae | + Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. | 2.2 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Myrtaceae | + Eucalyptus globulus Labill. | 0.9 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Phyllanthaceae | * Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax. | 3.1 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | In |
Pinaceae | Abies alba Mill. | 2.2 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Pinaceae | Pinus pinea L. | 0.4 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | Ex |
Rhamnaceae | * Ziziphus mucronata Willd. | 1.3 | 0.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | In |
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Useni Sikuzani, Y.; Khoji Muteya, H.; Yona Mleci, J.; Mpanda Mukenza, M.; Malaisse, F.; Bogaert, J. The Restoration of Degraded Landscapes along the Urban–Rural Gradient of Lubumbashi City (Democratic Republic of the Congo) by Acacia auriculiformis Plantations: Their Spatial Dynamics and Impact on Plant Diversity. Ecologies 2024, 5, 25-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5010002
Useni Sikuzani Y, Khoji Muteya H, Yona Mleci J, Mpanda Mukenza M, Malaisse F, Bogaert J. The Restoration of Degraded Landscapes along the Urban–Rural Gradient of Lubumbashi City (Democratic Republic of the Congo) by Acacia auriculiformis Plantations: Their Spatial Dynamics and Impact on Plant Diversity. Ecologies. 2024; 5(1):25-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleUseni Sikuzani, Yannick, Héritier Khoji Muteya, Jonas Yona Mleci, Médard Mpanda Mukenza, François Malaisse, and Jan Bogaert. 2024. "The Restoration of Degraded Landscapes along the Urban–Rural Gradient of Lubumbashi City (Democratic Republic of the Congo) by Acacia auriculiformis Plantations: Their Spatial Dynamics and Impact on Plant Diversity" Ecologies 5, no. 1: 25-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5010002
APA StyleUseni Sikuzani, Y., Khoji Muteya, H., Yona Mleci, J., Mpanda Mukenza, M., Malaisse, F., & Bogaert, J. (2024). The Restoration of Degraded Landscapes along the Urban–Rural Gradient of Lubumbashi City (Democratic Republic of the Congo) by Acacia auriculiformis Plantations: Their Spatial Dynamics and Impact on Plant Diversity. Ecologies, 5(1), 25-41. https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5010002