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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Comprehensive Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid Composition and Structure by Using Novel Physical Methods with Diagnostic Potential for Inflammatory Diseases

by
Daria Kondrakhova
1,2,*,
Vladimíra Tomečková
3,
Oleksandr Dobrozhan
4,5,
Ondrej Milkovič
6,7,
Hoydoo You
8,
Tatiana Kimáková
9 and
Vladimír Komanický
1,*
1
Institute of Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice, Park Angelinum 9, 04154 Košice, Slovakia
2
Division of Ceramic and Non-metallic Systems, Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
3
Department of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
4
Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, Sumy State University, 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
5
Department of Applied Physics and Electromagnetism, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
6
Institute of Materials Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
7
Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
8
Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
9
Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University Košice, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovakia
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biophysica 2025, 5(4), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica5040048 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 1 September 2025 / Revised: 21 October 2025 / Accepted: 22 October 2025 / Published: 25 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Biophysics)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study explored the use of physical methods, namely X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, to analyze the structure and composition of tear fluid desiccates. Tear samples were collected from patients with dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, and multiple sclerosis. Our results revealed significant differences in the crystallization patterns, chemical composition, and morphology of tear fluid among the disease groups compared to healthy individuals. XRD analysis identified variations in salt crystallization within tear fluid desiccates. AFM provided nanoscale morphological visualization. EDX determined the presence of key chemical elements. Our findings showed that changes in crystallization and unbalance of ionic composition in tear fluid may serve as potential markers for diagnosing ocular diseases. This study highlights the potential of these techniques for non-invasive diagnostics and contributes to the development of innovative strategies for monitoring structural properties in tear fluid desiccates of analyzed inflammatory, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Keywords: tear fluid; inflammation; dry eye; neurodegenerative diseases; X-ray diffraction; atomic force microscopy tear fluid; inflammation; dry eye; neurodegenerative diseases; X-ray diffraction; atomic force microscopy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kondrakhova, D.; Tomečková, V.; Dobrozhan, O.; Milkovič, O.; You, H.; Kimáková, T.; Komanický, V. Comprehensive Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid Composition and Structure by Using Novel Physical Methods with Diagnostic Potential for Inflammatory Diseases. Biophysica 2025, 5, 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica5040048

AMA Style

Kondrakhova D, Tomečková V, Dobrozhan O, Milkovič O, You H, Kimáková T, Komanický V. Comprehensive Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid Composition and Structure by Using Novel Physical Methods with Diagnostic Potential for Inflammatory Diseases. Biophysica. 2025; 5(4):48. https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica5040048

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kondrakhova, Daria, Vladimíra Tomečková, Oleksandr Dobrozhan, Ondrej Milkovič, Hoydoo You, Tatiana Kimáková, and Vladimír Komanický. 2025. "Comprehensive Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid Composition and Structure by Using Novel Physical Methods with Diagnostic Potential for Inflammatory Diseases" Biophysica 5, no. 4: 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica5040048

APA Style

Kondrakhova, D., Tomečková, V., Dobrozhan, O., Milkovič, O., You, H., Kimáková, T., & Komanický, V. (2025). Comprehensive Experimental Analysis of Tear Fluid Composition and Structure by Using Novel Physical Methods with Diagnostic Potential for Inflammatory Diseases. Biophysica, 5(4), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica5040048

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