Assessing Effectiveness of Shape Memory Alloys on the Response of Bolted T-Stub Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Finite Element Models
The Capability of SMA Material
3. Analyzing the Moment–Rotation Curve
Assessment of Response Curve Variables
4. Failure Indexes
Failure Modes
5. Effects of SMA on Stiffener, T-Stub, and Bolt Column
5.1. Monitoring Behavioural Curve
5.2. Equivalent Viscous Damping Ratio
5.2.1. Ductility Capacity and Failure Modes
5.2.2. Bolt Force, Strain Energy, and Frictional Energy
6. Conclusions
- Investigating the use of different types and thicknesses of stiffeners to determine their impacts on the connection’s performance.
- Examining the effects of different T-stub thickness, yield strength, and bolt preload to improve the ultimate moment and ED capacity of the connection.
- Evaluating the behavior and performance of the connection with different types of loading conditions, such as cyclic, static, and dynamic loading.
- Conducting more comprehensive tests, such as shake table testing, to evaluate the real-world performance of the connection in seismic situations.
- Performing a detailed cost–benefit analysis of using different materials and designs to optimize the practicality and cost-effectiveness of the connection.
- Investigating the behavior of the DST connection under different loading conditions such as cyclic loading, static loading, and dynamic loading.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Components | Fy (MPa) | Fu (MPa) |
---|---|---|
Bolt | 912.7 | 976.1 |
T-stub | 399.61 | 435.85 |
Beam or column | 399.61 | 435.85 |
Sample Model | M0 (KN.m) | max (%) | Mmax (KN.m) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
G260-T15-B350 | PS1Ex | 257.62 | 0.087 | 451.22 |
PS1Nu | 251.88 | 0.09 | 442.48 | |
Error percent | 2.23 | 3.45 | 1.937 | |
G310-T15-B400 | PS2Ex | 197.42 | 0.098 | 402.4 |
PS2Nu | 195.23 | 0.1 | 399.61 | |
Error percent | 1.11 | 2.041 | 0.69 | |
G260-T19-B350 | PS3Ex | 411.11 | 0.037 | 454.36 |
PS3Nu | 408.34 | 0.038 | 435.85 | |
Error percent | 0.674 | 2.7 | 4.07 | |
G310-T19-B400 | PS4Ex | 329.86 | 0.13 | 448.68 |
PS4Nu | 324.52 | 0.125 | 443.17 | |
Error percent | 1.62 | 3.84 | 1.23 | |
G260-T21-B350 | PS5Ex | 458.08 | 0.023 | 502.84 |
PS5Nu | 452.34 | 0.024 | 495.51 | |
Error percent | 1.253 | 4.37 | 1.46 | |
G310-T21-B400 | PS6Ex | 411.78 | 0.0385 | 447.97 |
PS6Nu | 407.47 | 0.04 | 440.73 | |
Error percent | 1.05 | 3.9 | 1.62 |
Sample Model | tf (mm) | Fyt (T-Stub) (KN) | Bolt Pretension (KN) | * No (Bolt Beam) | Fyb (Bolt) (KN) | L1 (mm) | L2 (mm) | Stiffener of T-Stub (mm) | Equipped SMA Material |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP01 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 50 | 150 | …. | …. |
SP02 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP03 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 150 | 50 | …. | …. |
SP04 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 2 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP05 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 4 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP06 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 950.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP07 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 874.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP08 | 19 | 620 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP09 | 19 | 458 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP10 | 23 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP11 | 15 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP12 | 19 | 538.5 | 190 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP13 | 19 | 538.5 | 140 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | …. |
SP14 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | * | 100 | 100 | …. | Bolt column |
SP15 | 19 | * | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | …. | T-stub |
SP16 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | 3PL169 × 15 | …. |
SP17 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | 3PL169 × 25 | …. |
SP18 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | PL169 × 15 | …. |
SP19 | 19 | 538.5 | 165 | 6 | 912.7 | 100 | 100 | PL169 × 25 | …. |
Specimen | SP01 | SP02 | SP03 | SP04 | SP05 | SP06 | SP07 | SP08 | SP09 | SP10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mmax(KN.m) | 455.25 | 450.9 | 427.82 | 399.14 | 447.83 | 453.94 | 448.2 | 455.36 | 444.46 | 465.3 |
ED(KN.m) | 142.9 | 138 | 110.2 | 87.96 | 136.7 | 139.9 | 135.9 | 140.81 | 135.34 | 140 |
RD(mm) | 28.65 | 27.18 | 25.44 | 27.58 | 27 | 27.23 | 26.3 | 27.65 | 26.81 | 28.9 |
Specimen | SP11 | SP12 | SP13 | SP14 | SP15 | SP16 | SP17 | SP18 | SP19 | |
Mmax(KN.m) | 440.46 | 452.56 | 449.17 | 417 | 399.73 | 541.81 | 557.5 | 523.47 | 545.2 | |
ED(KN.m) | 137 | 140.9 | 134.8 | 142.05 | 84.75 | 192.1 | 213.6 | 181.8 | 196.85 | |
RD(mm) | 26.83 | 28.18 | 26.58 | 25.92 | 18.73 | 27.38 | 28.25 | 26.33 | 27.84 |
Specimen | SP01 | SP02 | SP03 | SP04 | SP05 | SP06 | SP07 | SP08 | SP09 | SP10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ki (KN.m) | 21,709 | 24,072 | 24,845 | 21,148 | 19,860 | 19,851 | 20,354 | 21,056 | 19,638 | 19,758 |
Kr (KN.m) | 10,712 | 7130 | 3710 | 12,476 | 5918 | 5720 | 6729 | 5994 | 6410 | 5980 |
Fmax (KN) | 737.62 | 777.43 | 781.47 | 688.17 | 772.12 | 775.76 | 774.37 | 785.11 | 766.31 | 776.38 |
Specimen | SP11 | SP12 | SP13 | SP14 | SP15 | SP16 | SP17 | SP18 | SP19 | |
Ki (KN.m) | 20,255 | 20,654 | 20,062 | 12,147 | 17,471 | 34,440 | 48,684 | 29,242 | 35,300 | |
Kr (KN.m) | 5917 | 3500 | 6037 | 4168 | 4417 | 4302 | 3747 | 5883 | 6589 | |
Fmax (KN) | 776.65 | 780.27 | 774.43 | 719.13 | 689.2 | 934.16 | 961.2 | 902.54 | 940 |
Sample Model | PEEQ | PI | MI | Plasticity Index | TI | RI | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP01 | 694.2 | −567.499 | 1.09814 | −1.0538 | 1.2891 | 463.1547 | −0.8175 | 3.7428 |
SP02 | 694.2 | −497.691 | 0.511864 | −0.9242 | 1.2891 | 215.8853 | −0.7169 | 1.5003 |
SP03 | 667.68 | −470.156 | 0.341547 | −0.8730 | 1.2399 | 144.0518 | −0.7042 | 0.9821 |
SP04 | 694.2 | −419.191 | 0.241981 | −0.7784 | 1.2891 | 102.0586 | −0.6038 | 0.5986 |
SP05 | 694.2 | −468.181 | 0.566258 | −0.8694 | 1.2891 | 238.8266 | −0.6744 | 1.5572 |
SP06 | 694.2 | −497.293 | 0.511835 | −0.9235 | 1.2891 | 215.8730 | −0.7163 | 1.4990 |
SP07 | 676.48 | −484.384 | 0.508633 | −0.8995 | 1.2561 | 214.5225 | −0.7161 | 1.4889 |
SP08 | 694.2 | −509.196 | 0.470578 | −0.9456 | 1.2891 | 198.4723 | −0.7335 | 1.4140 |
SP09 | 694.2 | −488.235 | 0.544232 | −0.9066 | 1.2891 | 229.5369 | −0.7033 | 1.5629 |
SP10 | 694.2 | −499.25 | 0.51937 | −0.9271 | 1.2891 | 219.0510 | −0.7192 | 1.5274 |
SP11 | 694.2 | −493.445 | 0.492601 | −0.9163 | 1.2891 | 207.7608 | −0.7108 | 1.4307 |
SP12 | 694.2 | −498.05 | 0.527099 | −0.9249 | 1.2891 | 222.3108 | −0.7174 | 1.5462 |
SP13 | 646.8 | −469.976 | 0.486086 | −0.8727 | 1.2011 | 205.0130 | −0.7266 | 1.4457 |
SP14 | 694.2 | −494.392 | 0.472123 | −0.9181 | 1.2891 | 199.124 | −0.7122 | 1.374 |
SP15 | 1309.81 | −347.098 | 0.025471 | −0.6445 | 2.4323 | 10.7427 | −0.265 | 0.03790 |
SP16 | 596.152 | −386.19 | 0.07693 | −0.7171 | 1.1071 | 32.4463 | −0.6478 | 0.2033 |
SP17 | 553.96 | −357.88 | 0.030672 | −0.6646 | 1.0287 | 12.9363 | −0.646 | 0.0808 |
SP18 | 665.99 | −433.944 | 0.170127 | −0.8058 | 1.2367 | 71.7532 | −0.6516 | 0.4521 |
SP19 | 614.55 | −420.317 | 0.101485 | −0.7805 | 1.1412 | 42.8026 | −0.6839 | 0.2831 |
Specimen | SP01 | SP02 | SP03 | SP04 | SP05 | SP06 | SP07 | SP08 | SP09 | SP10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Failure mode | Mode 3 | Mode 3 | Mode 3 | Mode 2 | Mode 3 | Mode 3 | N/A | Mode 3 | Mode 3 | Mode 3 |
Specimen | SP11 | SP12 | SP13 | SP14 | SP15 | SP16 | SP17 | SP18 | SP19 | |
Failure mode | Mode 2 | Mode 3 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Mode 3 | Mode 3 | Mode 3 | Mode 3 |
Sample Model | tf (mm) | No (Bolt Beam) | No (Bolt Column) | L1 (mm) | Thickness of Stiffener (mm) | Number of Stiffener | Type of Stiffener | Equipped SMA Material |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP20 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 3 | B | Stiffener |
SP21 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 3 | B | T-stub |
SP22 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 3 | B | Bolt column |
SP23 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 3 | A | Stiffener |
SP24 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 3 | A | T-stub |
SP25 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 3 | A | Bolt column |
SP26 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 3 | B | Stiffener |
SP27 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 3 | B | T-stub |
SP28 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 3 | B | Bolt column |
SP29 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 3 | A | Stiffener |
SP30 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 3 | A | T-stub |
SP31 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 3 | A | Bolt column |
SP32 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 1 | B | Stiffener |
SP33 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 1 | B | T-stub |
SP34 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 1 | B | Bolt column |
SP35 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 1 | A | Stiffener |
SP36 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 1 | A | T-stub |
SP37 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 15 | 1 | A | Bolt column |
SP38 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 1 | B | Stiffener |
SP39 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 1 | B | T-stub |
SP40 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 1 | B | Bolt column |
SP41 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 1 | A | Stiffener |
SP42 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 1 | A | T-stub |
SP43 | 19 | 6 | 4 | 100 | 25 | 1 | A | Bolt column |
Specimen | SP20 | SP21 | SP22 | SP23 | SP24 | SP25 | SP26 | SP27 | SP28 | SP29 | SP30 | SP31 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ki (KN.m) | 52,452 | 40,758 | 40,550 | 53,813 | 50,839 | 46,142 | 51,400 | 49,365 | 43417 | 637,812 | 62,677 | 33,782 |
Kr (KN.m) | 6024.2 | 4966.7 | 6976.2 | 2995.2 | 2860 | 5901.1 | 6049 | 2787.5 | 6061.4 | 2888.4 | 2964.7 | 6884.8 |
Fmax (KN) | 903.91 | 859.88 | 893.02 | 905.02 | 873.7 | 884.59 | 898.64 | 874 | 898.98 | 936.24 | 927.67 | 933.52 |
Specimen | SP32 | SP33 | SP34 | SP35 | SP36 | SP37 | SP38 | SP39 | SP40 | SP41 | SP42 | SP43 |
Ki (KN.m) | 48,168 | 45,036 | 39,201 | 48,720 | 43,267 | 41,326 | 49,444 | 44,392 | 39,722 | 55,153 | 55,666 | 48,044 |
Kr (KN.m) | 2613.2 | 3571 | 2794.3 | 3436.8 | 3510.3 | 2870 | 2998.6 | 3402 | 3082.3 | 2572 | 2989.2 | 2778.7 |
Fmax (KN) | 875.46 | 826.82 | 850.24 | 869.38 | 830.87 | 856.18 | 875.46 | 824.27 | 854.91 | 912.73 | 880.57 | 916.7 |
Specimen | SP20 | SP21 | SP22 | SP23 | SP24 | SP25 | SP26 | SP27 | SP28 | SP29 | SP30 | SP31 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(rad) | 0.012 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.01 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.011 |
(rad) | 0.0349 | 0.0349 | 0.0348 | 0.0345 | 0.0349 | 0.0344 | 0.0349 | 0.0349 | 0.0349 | 0.0348 | 0.0349 | 0.0349 |
My (KN.m) | 385.92 | 373.61 | 382.11 | 385.37 | 376.4 | 376.19 | 382.45 | 375.51 | 384.48 | 399.42 | 392.52 | 395.94 |
2.99 | 2.68 | 2.88 | 3.11 | 2.67 | 3.17 | 2.68 | 2.78 | 3.33 | 2.66 | 3.04 | 3.24 | |
Failure mode | 3 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 3 | N/A |
Specimen | SP32 | SP33 | SP34 | SP35 | SP36 | SP37 | SP38 | SP39 | SP40 | SP41 | SP42 | SP43 |
(rad) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.012 | 0.01 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.011 | 0.008 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.012 |
(rad) | 0.0348 | 0.0345 | 0.0341 | 0.0334 | 0.0347 | 0.0347 | 0.0348 | 0.0347 | 0.0346 | 0.0348 | 0.0347 | 0.0346 |
My (KN.m) | 377.55 | 359.25 | 369.42 | 375.06 | 361.01 | 372 | 377.55 | 358.14 | 371.45 | 391.08 | 382.6 | 387 |
3.32 | 3.84 | 2.81 | 3.25 | 3.61 | 2.68 | 3.11 | 3.97 | 2.85 | 3.07 | 3.82 | 2.74 | |
Failure mode | 3 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 3 | N/A | 3 | 3 | N/A |
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Torabipour, A.; Asghari, N.; Haghighi, H.; Yaghoubi, S.; Urgessa, G. Assessing Effectiveness of Shape Memory Alloys on the Response of Bolted T-Stub Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading. CivilEng 2023, 4, 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010008
Torabipour A, Asghari N, Haghighi H, Yaghoubi S, Urgessa G. Assessing Effectiveness of Shape Memory Alloys on the Response of Bolted T-Stub Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading. CivilEng. 2023; 4(1):105-133. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleTorabipour, Ahmadreza, Nima Asghari, Homa Haghighi, Shaghayegh Yaghoubi, and Girum Urgessa. 2023. "Assessing Effectiveness of Shape Memory Alloys on the Response of Bolted T-Stub Connections Subjected to Cyclic Loading" CivilEng 4, no. 1: 105-133. https://doi.org/10.3390/civileng4010008