Progress toward Circularity of Polyester and Cotton Textiles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Origin and Properties
3. Sorting
4. Cotton
4.1. Cotton Cellulose Properties
4.2. Cotton Mechanical Recycling
4.3. Cotton Chemical Recycling
4.4. Cotton Energy Recovery
4.5. Removal of Dyes from Cotton
5. Polyester
5.1. Polyester Mechanical Recycling
5.2. Polyester Chemical Recycling and Biodegradation
5.3. Biobased Polyester Monomers
5.4. Removal of Dyes from Polyester
6. Cotton/Polyester Blends
6.1. Cellulose Separation
6.2. Polyester Separation
6.3. Impacts of Recycling Both Components
7. Conclusions and Outlook
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Abbreviation | Definition |
BHET | Bis-hydroxyethyl terephthalate |
CESA | Cellulose synthase |
CMF | 5-(chloromethyl)furfural |
CNCs | Cellulose nanocrystals |
CSC | Cellulose synthase complex |
CSS | Cellulose synthase supercomplex |
DA | Diels-Alder |
DMF | 2,5-dimethylfuran; Dimethyl formamide |
DMSO | Dimethyl sulfoxide |
DP | Degree of polymerization |
EG | Ethylene glycol |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
FTIR | Fourier-transform infrared |
GPa | Gigapascal (1 GPa = Pa) |
GWP | Global warming potential |
HCE | Hot alkaline extraction |
HMDA | Hexamethylenediamine |
HT | High tenacity |
IRS | Infrared spectroscopy |
LCA | Life cycle assessment |
LODP | Level-off degree of polymerization |
LT | Low tenacity |
MPa | Megapascal (1 MPa = Pa) |
MSP | Microspectrophotometry |
MSW | Municipal solid waste |
Mw | Molecular weight |
NIRS | Near-infrared spectroscopy |
NMMO | N-methylmorpholine N-oxide |
NRT | National Recovery Technologies |
PET | Poly(ethylene terephthalate) |
PLA | Polylactic acid |
PP | Polypropylene |
rPET | Recycled PET |
SFS | Sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate |
SMART | Secondary Materials and Recycled Textiles |
SSF | Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation |
TBI | Toulouse Biotechnology Institute |
TPA | Terephthalic acid |
UDP | Uridine diphosphate |
UV | Ultraviolet |
1,2-PG | 1,2-propylene glycol |
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Properties | Cotton | Polyester |
---|---|---|
Fiber Cross Sectional Shape | kidney-bean | circular (or variable) |
Specific Gravity | 1.54 | 1.38 |
Moisture Regain (%) | 7.0–8.5 1 | 0.4 1 |
Crystallinity (%) | 53–80 2 | 40–55 3 |
Strength (GPa) | 0.6, 0.31–0.73 4, 0.38–0.69 5 | 0.8, 0.36(LT) 1.17(HT) 5, 0.55–0.99 6 |
Young’s Modulus (GPa) | 8, 7.1–15.7 4 | 15, 6.9–20.7 6 |
Elongation Break (%) | 7, 6–13.5 4 | 15, 40(LT) 7(HT) 5 |
Degradation (yrs) | <0.5 7 | 30–35 8, >100 9 |
Cotton Categories | DP | Mw * (g/mol) | Length (Fiber/Crystal/Polymer) | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Virgin cotton | 9000~15,000 | 1.46 | 25–3 mm (fiber) | [64,65] |
Used cotton (after laundering) | <3500 | <5.67 | No data, 1.75 μm (polymer) in theory | [66] |
Cotton waste for composites | No data | No data | <10 mm (fiber) | [62] |
Regenerated fibers from waste cotton | ~1000 | 1.62 | No data (controlled by human) | [67] |
CNCs | ~250 | 4.05 | 28–470 nm (crystals) | [75] |
Dye removal Reactions | Limitations |
---|---|
long decolorization time | |
long decolorization time, low dye removal rate, different fading degree | |
acidic reaction solution |
Yarn Type | Undyed | Dyed |
---|---|---|
Weft yarn | 35% | 15% |
Warp yarn | 56% | 31% |
Mechanism | Treatment/Conditions | Effect on | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cotton | PET | |||
Dissolving | NMMO solvent | dissolved and regenerated | isolated | [156,157] |
ionic liquid | dissolved and regenerated | isolated | [158,159] | |
DMSO solvent | isolated | dissolved and extracted | [160] | |
Degrading | enzymatic hydrolysis | yield glucose syrup | recovered | [161] |
enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast fermentation | yield ethanol | recovered | [156] | |
anaerobic digestion | yield methane | recovered | [156] | |
acid hydrolysis (then high-temperature and high-pressure hydrolysis) | degrade and yield microcrystalline cellulose | recovered or yield TPA | [162,163] | |
alcoholysis | recovered | yield BHET | [164,165] | |
alkaline treatment | recovered | yield TPA and EG | [166] |
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Wang, S.; Salmon, S. Progress toward Circularity of Polyester and Cotton Textiles. Sustain. Chem. 2022, 3, 376-403. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030024
Wang S, Salmon S. Progress toward Circularity of Polyester and Cotton Textiles. Sustainable Chemistry. 2022; 3(3):376-403. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030024
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Siyan, and Sonja Salmon. 2022. "Progress toward Circularity of Polyester and Cotton Textiles" Sustainable Chemistry 3, no. 3: 376-403. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030024