Production of Bio-Oil from De-Oiled Karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) Seed Press Cake via Pyrolysis: Kinetics and Evaluation of Anthill as the Catalyst
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials and Methods
2.2. Catalyst Characterisation
2.3. Pyrolysis Experiments
2.4. Kinetic Study
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterisation of Catalyst
3.2. Pyrolysis and Characterisation of Products
3.3. Kinetic Study of Karanja Seed Press Cake Pyrolysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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S. No. | Compound | % Composition |
---|---|---|
01 | SiO2 | 64.787 |
02 | Al2O3 | 20.399 |
03 | Fe2O3 | 8.306 |
04 | K2O | 3.510 |
05 | CaO | 1.615 |
06 | TiO2 | 1.039 |
07 | MnO | 0.166 |
07 | V2O5 | 0.041 |
08 | ZrO2 | 0.039 |
09 | Cr2O3 | 0.025 |
10 | CuO | 0.021 |
11 | SrO | 0.019 |
12 | ZnO | 0.016 |
S. No. | R/T | Component | Chem. Formula | Mol. wt. | Area% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2.40 | Furan, 2-methoxy | C5H6O2 | 98 | 46.79 |
2 | 3.20 | 2-Furanmethanol | C5H6O2 | 98 | 12.78 |
3 | 3.67 | 3-Octanamine | C8H19N | 129 | 3.28 |
4 | 4.67 | E-2-Tetradecen-1-ol | C14H28O | 212 | 0.19 |
5 | 5.34 | Phenol | C6H6O | 94 | 2.67 |
6 | 5.93 | Sorbic Acid | C6H8O2 | 112 | 0.94 |
7 | 6.42 | 1,2,3-Trimethylpiperidin-4-one | C8H15NO | 141 | 1.69 |
8 | 6.78 | Phenol, 4-methyl | C7H8O | 108 | 1.22 |
9 | 7.01 | 2,5-Heptadien-4-one,2,6-dimethyl | C9H14O | 138 | 1.55 |
10 | 7.68 | Glycyl-D-asparagine | C6H11N3O4 | 189 | 1.97 |
11 | 8.48 | 3,4-Dihydro-1-methylpyrrolo[1,2a]pyrazine | C8H10N2 | 134 | 2.81 |
12 | 9.15 | 4-Piperidinamine, N,1-dimethyl | C7H16N2 | 128 | 6.77 |
13 | 9.60 | Tricyclo[4.3.1.1(3,8)]undecan-1amine | C11H19N | 165 | 0.09 |
14 | 10.27 | Indole | C8H7N | 117 | 1.45 |
15 | 11.16 | Isosorbide | C6H10O4 | 146 | 8.67 |
16 | 11.69 | 1H-Indole, 3-methyl | C9H17N | 131 | 0.70 |
17 | 12.06 | 1,3;2,4-Di-O-methylene-d-arabitol | C7H12O5 | 176 | 0.61 |
18 | 12.41 | Acetic acid,2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro6methyl-2,4dioxo-5pyrimidylmethylthio | C8H10N2O4S | 230 | 0.52 |
19 | 13.30 | à-[2[NAziridyl]ethylamino]iso butyronitrile | C8H15N3 | 153 | 0.89 |
20 | 14.83 | 2H-1-Benzopyran, 7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl | C12H14O2 | 190 | 0.19 |
21 | 16.56 | 9,10a-dimethyl-6-methylene-3á-isopropyl | C20H32O2 | 304 | 0.05 |
22 | 17.05 | Benzeneethanamine, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxy | C9H13NO2 | 167 | 0.38 |
23 | 17.62 | á-Himachalenoxide | C15H24O | 220 | 0.19 |
24 | 17.85 | Dimethoxyamphetamine, 2,5- | C11H17NO2 | 195 | 0.14 |
25 | 18.33 | N-(O-Nitrophenylthio)-l-leucine | C12H16N2O4S | 284 | 0.14 |
26 | 18.66 | Pyrrolo[1,2]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)- | C11H18N2O2 | 210 | 0.09 |
27 | 19.35 | 5,10-Diethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-H,6H-dipyrrolo[1,2,1,2]pyrazine | C14H22N2O2 | 250 | 1.22 |
28 | 20.35 | 8-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester | C19H36O2 | 296 | 0.89 |
29 | 23.49 | 2-[5-(2-Methyl-benzooxazol-7-yl)1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenol | C17H13N3O2 | 291 | 0.89 |
S. No. | R/T | Component | Chem. Formula | Mol. wt | Area % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 7.12 | Piperidine, 1-methyl- | C6H13N | 99 | 2.51 |
2 | 7.52 | Acetamide | C2H5NO | 59 | 4.73 |
4 | 7.84 | 2,3-Butanediol | C4H10O2 | 90 | 1.98 |
5 | 10.39 | 2-Furanmethanol | C5H6O2 | 98 | 32.15 |
6 | 10.92 | Acetamide, N,N-dimethyl- | C4H9NO | 87 | 1.39 |
7 | 12.05 | 2-n-Butyl furan | C8H12O | 124 | 16.84 |
8 | 12.62 | 2(5H)-Furanone | C4H4O2 | 84 | 5.01 |
9 | 13.05 | [1,3,4]Thiadiazol, 2-amino-5-(2-piperidin-1-ylethyl)- | C9H16N4S | 244 | 0.71 |
10 | 13.83 | 3(2H)-Furanone, 2-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-2-oxopropyl)-2,5-dimethyl- | C10H14O4 | 198 | 0.96 |
11 | 14.15 | Mannosamine | C6H13NO5 | 179 | 0.66 |
12 | 15.26 | Phenol | C6H6O | 94 | 9.27 |
13 | 16.1 | Butanamide, 3-methyl- | C5H11NO | 101 | 5.22 |
14 | 16.93 | 1,2-Cyclopentanedione, 3-methyl- | C6H8O2 | 112 | 9.77 |
15 | 17.21 | Formamide, N-[1-[(1-cyano-2-methylpropyl)hydroxyamino]ethyl]- | C8H15N3O2 | 185 | 2.57 |
16 | 18.07 | Ethanone, 1-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)- | C6H7NO | 109 | 2.81 |
17 | 19.24 | 2-Vinyl-9-[3-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl]hypoxanthine | C12H14N4O4 | 278 | 4.96 |
18 | 19.87 | Maltol | C6H6O3 | 126 | 12 |
19 | 23.39 | 1,2-Benzenediol | C6H6O2 | 110 | 3.38 |
20 | 25.04 | Acetic acid, 2-[2-methyl-4-(1-piperidylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl]-, ethyl ester | C14H25NO4 | 271 | 5.12 |
21 | 25.81 | Isosorbide | C6H10O4 | 146 | 1.00 |
22 | 28.11 | Dodecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy- | C12H24O3 | 216 | 8.11 |
23 | 33.36 | Cholestan-3-ol, 2-methylene-, (3β,5α)- | C28H48O | 400 | 3.99 |
24 | 34.14 | 2-Methylenecholestan-3- | C28H48O | 400 | 2.94 |
25 | 36.31 | Uric acid | C5H4N4O3 | 168 | 0.39 |
26 | 37.04 | Nitro-L-arginine | C6H13N5O4 | 219 | 6.8 |
27 | 37.44 | Propyl-3,6-diazahomoadamantan-9-ol | C12H22N2O | 210 | 1.3 |
28 | 40.32 | Didemnin B | C57H89N7O15 | 1112 | 15.14 |
29 | 42.85 | Actinomycin C2 | C63H88N12O16 | 1268 | 5.57 |
30 | 43.71 | 1,3-Isobutylhexahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione | C11H18N2O2 | 210 | 9.17 |
31 | 44.01 | 5,10-Diethoxy-2,3,7,8-tetrahydro-1H,6H-dipyrrolo[1,2-a;1′,2′-d]pyrazine | C14H22N2O2 | 250 | 7.9 |
32 | 44.4 | Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-3-(2-methylpropyl)- | C11H18N2O2 | 210 | 7.58 |
33 | 56.24 | Oleic Acid | C18H34O2 | 282 | 7.09 |
34 | 61.72 | Ethyl iso-allocholate | C26H44O5 | 436 | 0.61 |
35 | 61.87 | Ergotaman-3,6,18-trione,9,10-dihydro-12-hydroxy-2-methyl-5′-(phenylmethyl)-(5′α,10α) | C33H37N5O5 | 583 | 2.71 |
36 | 62.07 | Didemnin B | C57H89N7O15 | 1112 | 0.33 |
37 | 62.16 | Oxiraneoctanoic acid, 3-octyl cis- | C18H34O3 | 298 | 0.7 |
38 | 62.58 | Pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione,17,21-dihydroxy,bis(O-methyloxime) | C23H36N2O4 | 404 | 1.77 |
39 | 63.11 | Phenol, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-methyl- | C23H32O2 | 340 | 2.57 |
40 | 64.63 | 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester | C24H38O4 | 390 | 3.94 |
41 | 65.54 | 9,10-Anthracenedione, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,2,3,4,5-pentahydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methyl-, (1α,2β,3β,4α)- | C16H16O8 | 336 | 3.08 |
42 | 65.77 | 2-[5-(2-Methyl-benzooxazol-7-yl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]-phenol | C17H13N3O2 | 291 | 5.21 |
Component | Catalytic Reaction | Non-Catalytic Reaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ea (kJ·mol−1) | A (min−1) | R2 | Ea (kJ·mol−1) | A (min−1) | R2 | |
Hemicellulose | 99.7 ± 0.4 | 4.8 × 108 | 0.859 | 74.8 ± 0.2 | 6.5 × 106 | 0.958 |
Cellulose | 182.9 ± 0.5 | 8.4 × 1013 | 0.996 | 83.1 ± 0.4 | 2.3 × 108 | 0.962 |
Lignin | 199.5 ± 0.7 | 9.7 × 1014 | 0.848 | 108.0 ± 0.5 | 8.8 × 109 | 0.872 |
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Nisar, J.; Waris, S.; Shah, A.; Anwar, F.; Ali, G.; Ahmad, A.; Muhammad, F. Production of Bio-Oil from De-Oiled Karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) Seed Press Cake via Pyrolysis: Kinetics and Evaluation of Anthill as the Catalyst. Sustain. Chem. 2022, 3, 345-357. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030022
Nisar J, Waris S, Shah A, Anwar F, Ali G, Ahmad A, Muhammad F. Production of Bio-Oil from De-Oiled Karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) Seed Press Cake via Pyrolysis: Kinetics and Evaluation of Anthill as the Catalyst. Sustainable Chemistry. 2022; 3(3):345-357. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030022
Chicago/Turabian StyleNisar, Jan, Salman Waris, Afzal Shah, Farooq Anwar, Ghulam Ali, Ali Ahmad, and Faisal Muhammad. 2022. "Production of Bio-Oil from De-Oiled Karanja (Pongamia pinnata L.) Seed Press Cake via Pyrolysis: Kinetics and Evaluation of Anthill as the Catalyst" Sustainable Chemistry 3, no. 3: 345-357. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030022