Impact of Solvent Type on Total Phenol and Flavonoid Content and Sun Protection Factor of Crude Cashew Nutshell Liquid
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.4. Extraction of CNSL
2.5. Determination of Total Phenol Content (TPC)
2.6. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
2.7. Determination of the Sun Protection Factor (SPF)
- CF = correction factor (10);
- EE = erythemogenic effect of radiation with wavelength;
- I = solar intensity spectrum;
- Abs (λ) = spectrophotometric absorbance values at wavelength.
2.8. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Percent Yield (%)
3.2. Total Phenolic Content (TPC)
3.3. Total Flavonoid Content (TFC)
3.4. Sun Protection Factor (SPF)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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λ | EE × I (Normalized) |
---|---|
290 | 0.0150 |
295 | 0.0817 |
300 | 0.2874 |
305 | 0.3278 |
310 | 0.1864 |
315 | 0.0839 |
320 | 0.0180 |
Total | 1 |
Solvents | Yield (%) | TPC (mg GAE/g) | TFC (mg QE/g) | SPF |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chloroform | 34.8 ± 0.4 a,c | 95.4 ± 3.7 | 27.2 ± 2.2 | 22.1 ± 1.1 a |
Hexane | 30.4 ± 0.7 c | 74.5 ± 2.7 a | 33.3 ± 0.7 d | 16.4 ± 0.8 b |
Acetone | 33.3 ± 0.4 d,c | 101.2 ± 2.5 b | 20.6 ± 2.5 | 21.5 ± 1.1 c,a |
Ethanol | 49.3 ± 3.2 | 83.3 ± 3.1 | 26.1 ±1.9 | 17.4 ± 0.9 d |
Methanol | 47.8 ± 0.9 b | 99.5 ± 0.10 b,c | 23.2 ± 0.5 e | 19.3 ± 1.0 e |
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Zombe, K.; Nyirenda, J.; Lumai, A.; Phiri, H. Impact of Solvent Type on Total Phenol and Flavonoid Content and Sun Protection Factor of Crude Cashew Nutshell Liquid. Sustain. Chem. 2022, 3, 334-344. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030021
Zombe K, Nyirenda J, Lumai A, Phiri H. Impact of Solvent Type on Total Phenol and Flavonoid Content and Sun Protection Factor of Crude Cashew Nutshell Liquid. Sustainable Chemistry. 2022; 3(3):334-344. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030021
Chicago/Turabian StyleZombe, Kadango, James Nyirenda, Agape Lumai, and Hellen Phiri. 2022. "Impact of Solvent Type on Total Phenol and Flavonoid Content and Sun Protection Factor of Crude Cashew Nutshell Liquid" Sustainable Chemistry 3, no. 3: 334-344. https://doi.org/10.3390/suschem3030021