V2X Communication over Cellular Networks: Capabilities and Challenges
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. V2X Use Cases
3. 3GPP’s V2X Architecture
- The Policy Control Function (PCF) is responsible for providing authorization and policy parameters and retrieving V2X information from the Unified Data Repository (UDR);
- The Access and Mobility management Function (AMF) handles mobility management and obtains V2X subscription information from the Unified Data Management (UDM). Additionally, it retrieves PC5 QoS information from the PCF, and provides the aforementioned parameters to the NG Radio Access Network (NG-RAN);
- The V2X AS provides V2X parameters to the UE and the 5G core network. It receives UL data and sends DL data from/to the UE over unicast. Furthermore, it may request to receive notifications about potential QoS modifications in a specific geographic area. This information may be received through the Network Exposure Function (NEF).
4. Delay Analysis for V2X Communications
4.1. LTE-A Delay
4.1.1. Control Plane
- The HO preparation, starting with the transmission of the RRC measurement report from the UE to serving eNB. The eNB processes the request, coordinates with the neighboring eNB, and sends the HO command to the UE.
- The HO execution, which starts upon the reception of the HO command message from the UE. During this phase, the data transmission stops and the UE proceeds to RRC reconfiguration. Consequently, the UE attempts to reach the target cell via the RACH. The procedure is finalized when the UE transmits the RRC Connection Reconfiguration complete message to the target cell, and the target cell resumes data transmission.
4.1.2. User Plane (Uu Interface)
4.1.3. User Plane (PC5 Interface)
4.2. 5G-NR Delay
4.2.1. Control Plane
4.2.2. User Plane (Uu Interface)
4.2.3. User Plane (PC5 Interface)
4.3. UC Delay Evaluation
5. 5G Capacity Analysis for V2X Communications
6. Open Issues and Future Trends
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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UC # | 5GAA UCs | 3GPP UCs | Description | Common Name |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Vehicles Platooning in Steady State | eV2X support for vehicle platooning | A group of vehicles driving closer in a coordinated manner | Platooning |
2 | High-Definition Map Collection and Sharing | Automotive: Sensor and state map sharing | Sharing of raw or processed sensor data to build a shared map | Sensor and State Map Sharing |
3 | Tele-Operated Driving | Support of remote driving | Remote control of a vehicle | Remote Driving |
4 | Cooperative Lane Merging | Cooperative lane-change of automated vehicles | Cooperative vehicles’ communication to change a lane or perform lane merging | Lane Change |
5 | Infrastructure-Assisted Environment Perception | Collective perception of environment | Infrastructure transmits information about objects on the road to the vehicles | Infrastructure-based Perception of Environment |
6 | Vehicle Decision Assist | Cooperative collision avoidance | Enable collision avoidance through coordinated maneuvers | Collision Avoidance |
7 | High Definition Sensor Sharing | Information sharing for highly/fully automated driving | Exchange high resolution data (e.g., video, lidar) for cooperated manoeuvres to highest SAE levels | Collective Information Sharing |
8 | See Through for Passing | Video data sharing for assisted and improved automated driving | Transmission of video during car overtaking | See Through for Passing |
9 | Cooperative Maneuvers of Autonomous Vehicles in Emergency Situations | Emergency trajectory alignment | Exchange trajectory information among vehicles under challenging situations | Emergency Trajectory Alignment |
10 | Automated Intersection Crossing | Intersection safety information provisioning for urban driving | Cooperative automated driving information exchange when crossing an intersection | Intersection Crossing |
11 | Coordinated, Cooperative Driving Manoeuvre | Automated cooperative driving for short distance grouping | Exchange of information among vehicles to coordinate their trajectories under different situations | Cooperative Driving |
UC # | Title | Delay | Reliability | Throughput | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
5GAA | 3GPP | 5GAA | 3GPP | 5GAA | 3GPP | ||
1 | Platooning | Delay Sensitive | 10–25 ms | - | 90% | 8–48 kbps | - |
2 | Sensor and State Map Sharing | - | 10 ms | - | 90% | 4–47 Mbps | 25 Mbps |
3 | Remote Driving | Delay Sensitive | 5 ms | - | 400 kbps–36 Mbps | 1–20 Mbps | |
4 | Lane Change | - | 10–25 ms | - | 90–99.99% | 120 kbps | - |
5 | Infrastructure-based Perception of Environment | - | 3–100 ms | - | 99.999% | 4–155 Mbps | 1 Gbps |
6 | Collision Avoidance | - | <10 ms | - | 99.99% | 10 Mbps | - |
7 | Collective Information Sharing | 10 ms | 100 ms | - | High | 120 kbps | 50 Mbps |
8 | See Through for Passing | 50 ms | 10–50 ms | 99% | 90–99.99% | 8 Mbps | 10–700 Mbps |
9 | Emergency Trajectory Alignment | - | 3 ms | - | 99.999% | 48 kbps | 30 Mbps |
10 | Intersection Crossing | - | - | - | - | 8–25 kbps | 50 Mbps |
11 | Cooperative Driving | - | <5 ms | - | 99.99% | - | 384 kbps |
Step | Description | Time (ms) |
---|---|---|
1 | RACH scheduling period | 0.5 |
2 | RACH preamble transmission | 1 |
3–4 | Preamble detection and transmission of RA response | 3 |
5 | UE processing | 5 |
6 | Transmission of RRC Connection Request and Non-Access Stratum (NAS) request | 1 |
7 | eNB processing (L2 and RRC) | 4 |
8 | Transmission of RRC Connection Setup (+ UL grant) | 1 |
9 | UE processing (L2 and RRC) | 12 |
10 | Transmission of RRC Connection Set-up Complete | 1 |
11 | eNB processing (Uu -> S1-C) | |
12 | S1-C transfer delay | |
13 | Mobility Management Entity (MME) Processing Delay | |
14 | S1-C Transfer delay | |
15 | eNB processing (S1-C -> Uu) | 4 |
16 | Transmission of RRC Security Mode Command and Connection Reconfiguration (+TTI alignment) | 1.5 |
17 | UE processing (L2 and RRC) | 16 |
Total | 50 |
HO Phase | Description | Time (ms) | |
---|---|---|---|
HO preparation | RRC: Measurement report | 11 | |
HO decision | 15 | ||
X2: HO request | 10 | ||
Admission control | 22 | ||
X2: HO request ACK | 10 | ||
RRC: HO command | 6 | ||
Process HO command | 15 | ||
Total HO preparation | 89 | ||
Data interruption time | HO execution | UE reconfiguration | 20 |
Synchronization | 3.5 | ||
UE allocation and TA transmission | 8 | ||
RRC: Reconfiguration Complete | 11 | ||
Total HO execution | 42.5 | ||
TTI alignment | 0.5 | ||
Data transmission from target | 1 | ||
Decode | 3 | ||
Total data interruption time | 47 |
Scheduling Type | Description | Time (ms) | |
---|---|---|---|
Dynamic | Average waiting time for PUCCH (SR = 1) | 0.5 | |
UE transmits the SR | 1 | ||
eNB decodes and generates the UL grant | 3 | ||
Transmission of UL grant | 1 | ||
UE processing delay (decoding of UL grant and L1 encoding of data) | 3 | ||
Buffer Status Report Steps | UE transmits the BSR | 1 | |
enB decodes BSR and generates the UL grant | 3 | ||
Transmission of UL grant | 1 | ||
UE processing delay (decoding of UL grant and L1 encoding of data) | 3 | ||
UE transmits the data (10% BLER) | 1.8 | ||
eNB receives and decodes the data | 1.5 | ||
Total (with BSR/without BSR) | 19.8/11.8 | ||
Semi-persistent | Average time for SPS period (10 ms) | 5 | |
UE transmits the data | 3 | ||
Total | 8 |
Mode | Description | Time (ms) |
---|---|---|
Unicast | eNB processing and scheduling | 1.5 |
MBSFN | Scheduling period (MSP = 40) | MSP/2 + 1 |
SC-PTM | Scheduling period (SSP = 1, 10) | max (SSP/2 + 1, 2) |
Unicast | Transmission of DL data (10% BLER) | 1.8 |
MBSFN/SC-PTM | Transmission of DL data | 1 |
All | UE L1/L2 processing | 1.5 |
All | UE upper layer processing | 3 |
Total Unicast | 7.8 | |
Total MBSFN | 26.5 | |
Total SC-PTM (SSP = 1/10) | 7.5/10.5 |
Mode | Scheduling | Step | Component | Description | Min. | Average | Max. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | Dynamic Scheduling with BSR | 1 | Sidelink Scheduling | Same as the first nine steps from (Table 5) Min: SR/2 (SR = 1 ms) Average: SR/2 (SR = 10 ms) Max: SR (SR = 10 ms) | 16.5 | 21 | 26 |
2 | Transmission of data + SCI | Data and SCI are transmitted at the same subframe (1 TTI) | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
3 | Processing | Receiver UE L1/L2 processing time | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
4 | Receiver UE upper layer processing | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
5 | Total | - | 22 | 26.5 | 31.5 | ||
Semi Persistent Scheduling | 1 | Sidelink SPS scheduling period | Min: The transmission of SCI and data can be aligned with packet arrival time Average: SPS period/2 Max: The UE misses the last transmission opportunity and need to wait for one SPS period | 1 | 50 | 100 | |
2 | Processing | Transmitter UE L1/L2 processing | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
3 | Receiver UE L1/L2 processing | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | |||
4 | Receiver UE upper layer processing | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
5 | Total | - | 7 | 56 | 106 | ||
4 | - | 1 | Timing of sensing and resource selection | Min: T1 = 1 Average: (T2 − T1)/2 = (100 − 1)/2 = 49.5 Max: T2 = 100 | 1 | 49.5 | 100 |
2 | Processing | Transmitter UE L1/L2 processing | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | ||
3 | Receiver UE L1/L2 processing | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | |||
4 | Receiver UE upper layer processing | 3 | 3 | 3 | |||
5 | Total | - | 7 | 55.5 | 106 |
Description | Time (ms) |
---|---|
RACH scheduling period | 0 |
RACH preamble transmission | 1 |
Preamble detection and transmission of RA response | 3 |
UE processing | 4 |
Transmission of RRC Connection Resume Request | 1 |
eNB processing (L2 and RRC) | 3 |
Transmission of RRC Connection Resume | 1 |
UE processing (RRC, including grant reception) | 7 |
Transmission RRC Connection Resume Complete and UP data | 0 |
Total | 20 |
Mode | Resource Mapping Type | OS | Initial Error Probability | UE Capability 2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
15 KHzSCS | 30 KHzSCS | 60 KHzSCS | ||||
Downlink (ms) | B | 2 | p = 0 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.23 |
p = 0.1 | 0.60 | 0.35 | 0.28 | |||
Uplink (ms) | 2 | p = 0 | 0.52 | 0.30 | 0.24 | |
p = 0.1 | 0.62 | 0.36 | 0.28 |
UC | Uu Interface | PC5 Interface | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unicast | MBMS | SC-PTM | Mode 3 DS | Mode 3 SPS | Mode 4 | |
Delay (ms) | 35.8 | 54.5 | 35.5 | 26.5 | 56 | 55.5 |
Platooning | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Sensor and State Map Sharing | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Remote Driving | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Lane Change | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Infrastructure-based Perception of Environment | ▽ | ▽ | ▽ | ▽ | ▽ | ▽ |
Collision Avoidance | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Collective Information Sharing | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
See through for Passing | ▽ | ✕ | ▽ | ▽ | ✕ | ✕ |
Emergency Trajectory Alignment | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Intersection Crossing | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Cooperative Driving | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
✕ Cannot fulfil. ▽ Fulfil only the lower levels of automation. ✓ Fulfils |
UC | Uu Interface | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
UnicastNote1 | UnicastNote2 (Localized) | MulticastNote3 (MBSFN) | MutlicastNote3 (SC-PTM) | |
Delay (ms) | 18.59 | 12.59 | 35.8 | 16.8 |
Platooning | ▽ | ▽ | ✕ | ▽ |
Sensor and State Map Sharing | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Remote Driving | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Lane Change | ▽ | ▽ | ✕ | ▽ |
Infrastructure-based Perception of Environment | ▽ | ▽ | ▽ | ▽ |
Collision Avoidance | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Collective Information Sharing | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
See through for Passing | ▽ | ▽ | ▽ | ▽ |
Emergency Trajectory Alignment | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Cooperative Driving | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ | ✕ |
Note 1: Assuming 3 ms for each interface, the core network delay for unicast (gNB -> UPF -> UPF -> V2X AS -> UPF -> UPF -> gNB) is 18 ms. Note 2: Assuming 3 ms for each interface, the core network delay for unicast using one UPF (gNB -> UPF -> V2X AS -> UPF -> gNB) is 12 ms. Note 3: Assuming 3 ms for each interface, the core network delay for multicast/broadcast (gNB -> UPF -> V2X AS -> MBSFN or SCPTM) is 9 ms. | ||||
✕ Cannot fulfil. ▽ Fulfil only the lower levels of automation. ✓ Fulfils |
Vehicle Speed | 30 km/h | 15 km/h | 5 km/h |
---|---|---|---|
Inter-vehicle spacing | 20.8 + 4.5 = 25.3 m | 10.4 + 4.5 = 14.9 m | 3.5 + 4.5 = 8 m |
Number of moving vehicles | [(750 × 12) + (1299 × 4)]/25.3 = 562 | [(750 × 12) + (1299 × 4)]/14.9 = 953 | [(750 × 12) + (1299 × 4)]/8 = 1775 |
UC | Spectrum Needs (MHz) | ||
---|---|---|---|
30 km/h | 15 km/h | 5 km/h | |
Platooning | 0.24(SL) | 0.40(SL) | 0.76(SL) |
Sensor and State Map Sharing | 2.88(DL) 7.2(UL) | 4.9(DL) 12.24(UL) | 9.21(DL) 23.04(UL) |
Remote Driving | 0.1(DL) 30(UL) | 0.1(DL) 30(UL) | 0.1(DL) 30(UL) |
Lane Change | 0.59(SL) | 1.01(SL) | 1.90(SL) |
Infrastructure-Based Perception of Environment (multicast on the DL is assumed and one group of sensors on the uplink) | 1(DL) 91.67(UL) | 1(DL) 91.67(UL) | 1(DL) 91.67(UL) |
Collision Avoidance | 3.97(SL) | 6.74(SL) | 12.69(SL) |
Collective Information Sharing | 25.79(SL) | 43.85(SL) | 82.54(SL) |
See Through for Passing | 39.68(SL) | 39.68(SL) | 39.68(SL) |
Emergency Trajectory Alignment | 2.38(SL) | 4.05(SL) | 7.62(SL) |
Intersection Crossing | 1.24(SL) | 2.10(SL) | 3.97(SL) |
Cooperative Driving | 19.04(SL) | 32.38(SL) | 60.95(SL) |
Total (MHz): | 225.78 | 270.12 | 365.13 |
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Kanavos, A.; Fragkos, D.; Kaloxylos, A. V2X Communication over Cellular Networks: Capabilities and Challenges. Telecom 2021, 2, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom2010001
Kanavos A, Fragkos D, Kaloxylos A. V2X Communication over Cellular Networks: Capabilities and Challenges. Telecom. 2021; 2(1):1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleKanavos, Athanasios, Dimitrios Fragkos, and Alexandros Kaloxylos. 2021. "V2X Communication over Cellular Networks: Capabilities and Challenges" Telecom 2, no. 1: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom2010001