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Article

Resource Requirements in a Burn Mass Casualty Event

1
Burn Centre, Department of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Uppsala University Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
2
Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Middlemore Hospital, Otahuhu, Auckland 2025, New Zealand
3
Department of Surgical Sciences, Plastic Surgery, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Eur. Burn J. 2024, 5(3), 228-237; https://doi.org/10.3390/ebj5030022
Submission received: 30 March 2024 / Revised: 7 June 2024 / Accepted: 25 June 2024 / Published: 2 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Burn Injuries Associated with Wars and Disasters)

Abstract

:
Burn mass casualty event occurrences are rare but will place significant burdens on any burn unit or healthcare system. Effective disaster preparedness plays a significant role in mitigating the aftermath of a burn mass casualty. The aim of this study was to assess the resource requirements during the initial two weeks of a burn mass casualty event. Eight patients in a burn mass casualty event were simulated using the Emergo Train System®. These simulated patients were matched with real historical patients treated in our burn centre, and their resource requirements were analysed. An average of eight staff is required to care for a patient per day along with almost 75 h of operating time (excluding anaesthesia and turnover time). A substantial quantity of consumables was used in the first two weeks. This study has demonstrated the substantial material consumption and staff requirements in the first two weeks of management in a burn mass casualty event. Such findings will offer valuable insight for disaster preparedness planning and resource management strategies.

1. Introduction

The occurrence of a burn mass casualty event poses significant challenges to healthcare systems [1]. Beyond the complexities inherent in managing multiple trauma victims, the nature of extensive burn injuries demands substantial resources, from the onset and over an extended duration [2,3]. An example is the 2019 Whakaari White Island volcanic eruption in New Zealand, where 14 patients required 124 operative visits and nearly 400 h of surgical time over a span of four months [4]. In contrast, in the Boston Marathon Bombing in 2013 when 55 patients were treated at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital, 83 operative procedures were performed. Full coverage of patients was completed in 5.7 days (0–18 days), with an average length of stay of only 12.3 days (1–26 days) [5]. Furthermore, the initial phase of a burn mass casualty event can be overwhelming. This can be attributed to the sudden influx of many patients, severity of injuries, limited resources (consumables and personnel) and the need for rapid decision making. This has led to the development and implementation of burn disaster preparedness recommendations, guidelines and predictive models to help organisations prepare for these challenging events [2,3,6,7,8,9].
There are two burn centres in Sweden with resources for the management of complex and severe burns, one in Uppsala and another in Linköping. The combined maximum capacity for severe burn care in Sweden stands at 16 patients (8 in Uppsala and 8 in Linköping). If there are more than 16 patients in Sweden, the Nordic Mass Burn Casualty Incident (MBCI) response mechanism will be activated, and patients will be transferred to other available Nordic countries for treatment [10]. In the event that any Nordic country has more than 25 severe burns patients, the European Civil Protection Mechanism (via the Emergency Response Coordination Centre) should be activated [10,11]. This mechanism not only provides disaster support but also coordinates disaster preparedness and prevention activities. It further promotes the exchange of best practices among national authorities [11]. This context underscores the importance of efficient resource allocation and management, especially in the face of a burn mass casualty event that can overwhelm the existing capacity of burn centres [12,13,14].
The Emergo Train System®, a simulation system developed in Sweden, has gained international recognition for its utility in education and training in emergency and disaster management [15]. Its applications span healthcare organizations, rescue services, police forces, crisis support organizations and military entities, facilitating the simulation of emergency response processes [16,17].
Despite research on various facets of mass casualty events, there is a notable gap in comprehending the resource requirements for burn incidents. This paper aims to address this gap by conducting a thorough analysis of consumables and human resource needs associated with a burn mass casualty event. By identifying these requirements, the study endeavours to contribute valuable insights to the field and propose effective solutions for resource management in the context of burn mass casualty incidents.

2. Materials and Methods

Eight patients in a burn mass casualty event, reflecting the maximum capacity of our burns unit, were simulated using the Emergo Train System®. These simulated patients were then meticulously matched by extent of total burn surface area with real historical patients treated in our burn centre in Uppsala by cross referencing our clinical records. Data were then extracted from these patients’ clinical notes using a standard data template in an Excel® workbook to estimate resources used in the first two weeks of admission.
Data collected included baseline patient characteristics and % total body surface area (%TBSA). Consumables such as wound dressings were estimated from the size of burn injury and number of recorded dressing changes; personal protective equipment (PPE) and disinfectant were estimated from standard ward procedures; and medications, fluids and blood products were directly calculated from the Patient Data Management System (PDMS) MetaVision for each specific patient.
Concurrently, we undertook a calculation of the human resource requirements vital for the care of these patients. This encompassed a diverse spectrum of healthcare professionals, including surgeons, intensivists, nursing staff, paramedical personnel, theatre staff, specialists from various medical disciplines and additional non-medical staff crucial for the effective functioning of the burn centre.
ChatGPT was used sparingly in the manuscript writing process to check grammar, improve readability, assist language translation and aid in reference formatting. Examples of prompts used are “make this more readable/polish this paragraph” or “create reference according to ACS style guide”.

3. Results

Eight burn patients were simulated using the Emergo Train System®. Four were male, and four were female. The mean age was 43.3 (range 25–71). The mean %TBSA was 50.4% (range 25–86%). Table 1 shows the characteristics of the patients simulated.
A total of 7216 staff hours were required for the care of these eight patients in two weeks. This is equivalent to 64 staff hours per patient per day. Table 2 shows the total staff hours for some of the health professional involved.
Table 3 lists the consumables utilised by these eight patients in two weeks. The extensive list of consumables and human resources (414 items) can be seen in Appendix A.

4. Discussion

These findings highlight the significant consumables and human resource requirements in a burn mass casualty event. To our knowledge, this is the first paper that has attempted to estimate all resources required in the event of burn mass casualty.

4.1. “It Takes a Village…”

The importance of a multidisciplinary team approach in burn care is well recognised, especially in the context of a burn mass casualty event [18,19]. A team comprising health professionals from various specialties plays a pivotal role in addressing the multifaceted challenges associated with burn injuries. This study further reinforces the notion that caring for burn patients truly requires a collective effort from a community of dedicated healthcare professionals.
A full-time work schedule in Sweden is eight hours per day with a 40 h week. This means that the staff requirement for caring for eight patients per day is 3.7 plastic surgeons, 49.5 ward nurses, one intensivist, one anaesthetist and eight theatre nurses. For allied health professionals, the requirement is 0.4 physiotherapists, 0.4 occupational therapists, 0.2 dieticians and 0.04 social workers. This is equivalent to 64 staff per day or eight staff for each patient, per day. This also means that our unit will need at least twice the number of staff to maintain a two cycle, five days a week roster. Considering that a week comprises seven days, this staffing requirement becomes even more pronounced.
The numbers above suggest that during a burn mass casualty event, a surge plan is vital to addressing the high staff requirements (especially with surgeons and nurses). This plan may involve several strategies while being mindful of the concern with burnout, especially when the patient management will extend over a significant period of time:
  • Recruitment from Other Areas/Units: Recruitment of medical staff from other hospital departments or external agencies to temporarily bolster the burn unit’s workforce. However, this strategy will need to be executed with caution as the recruited staff may lack familiarity with the unit or with burn care, potentially resulting in additional inefficiencies. Additionally, this will likely inadvertently put strain on other services from which the staff is recruited [9,20].
  • Adjustment of Patient-to-Nurse Ratio: Temporary modification of the patient-to-nurse ratio to accommodate the increased workload while ensuring patient safety and care quality.
  • Modify Shifts for Staff: Implement longer shifts for existing staff members to ensure adequate coverage and continuity of care. This needs to be performed with finesse to avoid burnout and fatigue [21]. This will unlikely be feasible long term but may be a stopgap if needed.

4.2. Consumables and Supply Chain Management

In light of the lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, the significance of a robust supply chain management in healthcare is highlighted [22]. The demands of a burn mass casualty event necessitate ample stocks of consumables, prompting a call for proactive measures to ensure sustainability. As illustrated in Table 3, the magnitude of consumable requirements is substantial in the first 14 days—over 50,000 cm2 of allografts, 600 L of Ringer acetate, 37 L of blood, 7000 disposable gowns, 400 rolls of paraffin gauze, 10 L of propofol, etc. This highlights the critical role of meticulous supply chain planning and readiness to meet the challenges posted by such events, ensuring continuous and effective delivery of essential medical resources.
This suggests that there is a need for redundancies within the healthcare system to enhance its ability to withstand and respond effectively to unexpected challenges [20,23]. A strategic approach will be to maintain a two-week supply of essential items, thus allowing sufficient time for replenishment and reinforcing resilience in the face of unforeseen events.

4.3. Surge Testing and Disaster Preparedness

The Emergo Train System® is recognised as a valuable tool for evaluating the disaster management capability of hospitals and other emergency response agencies by simulating mass casualty scenarios. While it aids in identifying weaknesses and implementing targeted improvements, challenges persist in accurately gauging resource needs during simulations. This underscores the ongoing need for technological advancements to enhance the precision and effectiveness of such training exercises.

4.4. Automation in Inventory Management

Traditional inventory management relies on manual processes and can often lead to inefficiencies and inaccuracies. Automated inventory management systems and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies such as “Just Walk Out technology” can potentially revolutionise resource management in healthcare [24]. Moreover, automated tracking of consumables can enable real-time updates on availability and prompts for reordering when stocks are low. Such systems can also provide valuable insights into resource utilisation patterns and facilitate optimisation.

4.5. Limitations and Future Directions

This study utilised simulated patients (albeit using data from matched patients), which may not fully reflect the true resource utilisation in managing simultaneous arrivals of multiple burn victims. Whilst having a small sample size increases the margin of error of the actual resource utilised, the study highlights the substantial resource demands inherent in responding to a burn mass casualty event. For a more precise prediction of resource requirement, comprehensive data on all admissions need to be acquired and analysed to be able to develop a more robust prediction model. Notably, this undertaking need be executed at individual centres as different facilities will possess varied management routines and consumable requirements.
The identified challenges underscore the importance of robust resource planning strategies for effective disaster preparedness and response. The study’s significance lies not only in its immediate applicability to our centre but also in its potential to inform broader disaster management practices.
Additionally, exploring innovative approaches to resource management, such as predictive analytics and AI, holds promise for enhancing preparedness in burn mass casualty events.

5. Conclusions

This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study to reflect the substantial material and staff consumption required in the first two weeks of management in a burn mass casualty event. The findings hold particular relevance within the current logistical landscape characterised by persistent funding shortages, the transition from local stock supplies to on-demand delivery and the consolidation of a system where only a handful of international producers supply specific fundamental resources. This research forms part of a broader investigation with the aim to delineate the number of staff and consumables for the subsequent weeks and months following a mass burn casualty incident.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, K.C., F.H. and M.L.; methodology, M.L. and F.H.; software, K.C., O.S. and W.L.W.; validation, W.L.W. and K.C.; formal analysis, W.L.W., K.C., M.L. and O.S.; investigation, K.C., M.L. and O.S.; resources, F.H.; data curation, K.C., M.L. and O.S.; writing—original draft preparation, W.L.W.; writing—review and editing, W.L.W., K.C., M.L., O.S. and F.H.; visualization, W.L.W.; supervision, F.H.; project administration, M.L. and F.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

The study was performed in accordance with the ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects that have their origin in the updated Declaration of Helsinki, and the study was approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority approval no: 2022-05457-01, approved 7 December 2022. The need for informed consent from each participant was waived since this was a retrospective observational study of resources and consumables used for the patients’ care without patient specific interventions.

Informed Consent Statement

The need for informed consent from each participant was waived since this was a retrospective observational study of resources and consumables used for the patients’ care without patient specific interventions.

Data Availability Statement

Underlying data can be obtained by contacting the senior author: [email protected].

Acknowledgments

ChatGPT—usage described in Section 2.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Appendix A

Table A1. Complete list of consumables and human resources used.
Table A1. Complete list of consumables and human resources used.
Quantity Quantity Quantity Quantity
Oxygen mask4Suction tube101Tracheostomy tube inner cannula23Toothbrush16
Tube-kit for high-flow O21Ventilator tube11Sheet (bed)624Pillowcase1575
Faecal tube bag52Sterile water 1000 mL (for ventilator’s humidifier)92,000Bacterial filter for ventilator87High flow nasal cannula3
Tube between suction ejector and suction container30Tube to invasive indirect calorimetry10Nebuliser-kit14Swivel connector for ventilator tube106
Nonsterile examination gloves34,025Water trap to invasive calorimetry10Finger saturation probe (single use)40Small container for discarded sharp objects16
Underlay1543Inner pillowcase328Blanket (bed)112Absorber (to ventilator)315
Large roll of paper towel120Diaper290Patient gown40Vomit carton785
Towel small750Washcloth4845Cavilon cloths562Oral care sticks1468
Disposable Cup2097Paper bag329Large plastic bag988Laundry bag, green329
Laundry bag329Bag for trash can328Thick grey plastic bag88Plastic bag clear656
Large container for discarded sharp and contaminated objects251Surface disinfectant, mL206,000Hand disinfectant, mL72,000Chlorhexidine alcohol, mL46,750
Gauze, pack105Saline for flushing, mL149,320Syringe3586Visitor’s gown412
Operation-/dressing change gown1815Apron7070Bag for suctioning device31Theatre cap1075
Surgical mask474Nonsterile heating blanket (Bair hugger™)48Blanketrol® mattress41Hotline® tubing44
Suction catheter521ECG electrode341Hourly UOP bag16Abdominal pressure measuring tube10
Doppler gel 20 mL584Positioning boot4Probe unit for tube feeding158Blanketrol®-unit, number of uses30
Hotline® unit, number of uses41Bair hugger™ unit, number of uses59Suction ejector8O2 flow measuring device8
Suction canister8Ventilator8Hillrom Bed8Equipment table8
Bed trolley8Computer/Metavision (PDMS)8Vitals monitor8Cable for invasive blood pressure measurement16
Cable to temp-probe8Cable for saturation measurement8Base cable for saturation measurement8Cuff to sphygmomanometer8
Reusable cable for arterial line8Tube feeding pump8Scale8Ceiling hoist8
Patient-table (OR)8Heat humidifier8Syringe pump40Infusion pump24
O2-tube and connector9Health care assistant (HCA)330Health care assistant hour2640Nurse (RN) 42
RN hour336ICU RN 288ICU RN hour2304Anaesthesia nurse 2
Anaesthesia nurse hour3Intensivist 112Intensivist hour116Plastic surgeon 262
Plastic surgery hour409.6Corridor HCA-328Corridor HCA hour265.52Physiotherapist 32
Physiotherapist hour49Occupational therapist 32Occupational therapist hour44Social worker 7
Social worker hour5Dietitian 25Dietitian hour19.5Administrator 79
Administrator hour7.26Work clothes white blouse/trousers1500Orthosis11Cotton/”fluff”131
Bandage382Central line11Arterial line16Peripheral line20
Dialysis line2Endotracheal tube7Tracheostomy tube4Urinary catheter7
Towel211Intraosseous needle2Faecal tube5Pigtail drain1
Small sterile drape9Needle1449Dish10Bowl317
Scalpel42Label1865Sterile gauze376Small cotton wool1389
Tegaderm™36Theatre drape 140 × 150 cm10Transfer cannula196Flo-switch used for arterial line in A. Femoris3
Suture54Theatre glove706Xylocaine 10 mg/mL ampule34Saline, mL, infusion/injection87,854
Blood pressure set42Tube lock to dialysis tube5Kit of instruments for wound care (bowl, 2 scissors, 2 forceps…)122Needle holder11
Scissor sterile12Sterile forceps4Syringe glycerine gel4Theatre sheet324
Suction tube 12 cm tapered2Tube holder, Velcro65Marker (pen)6Cotton band for trach27
Trach gauze27Ziploc bag47Suction and diathermy bag (OR)73Steri-strip2
Peripheral/central line dressing85Cotton band for gastric/duodenal band89Cotton band for endotracheal tube623-way connector iv tube210
Injection membrane (Bionector)68Adapter for blood sampling223Paraffin gauze (Jelonet) roll411Dermanet® Roll44
Surgical staple369Theatre gauze1898Polyurethane dressing156Surgifix net, 2 m93
Net hat8Tubifast®10Flamazine, mL40Acetic acid, mL2500
Sulfamylon, mL850Vaseline, mL1240Intrasite conformable gauze8Superabsorbent dressings DryMax159
NPWT-device, number of uses1Black NPWT sponge2NPWT canister2Separately packed NPWT cover plastic2
Shower plastic1Showerhead1Large towel3Light handle27
EZ-DERM (xenograft, pig skin, used previously)1Forceps1Needle holder1Nexobrid 5 g10
Sterile spatula6Scissors3Bacterial culture swab51Skin biopsy punch1
X-ray15CT5Other7Fiberbronchoscope device, times used13
Lubricant13Anti-fog sponge13Sterile cone tube connector13Bite block13
Glidescope device, times used2Handle sterile (OR)2Ultrasound device, times used5Sock5
Monitor protective cover5Sterile ultrasound gel 20 g5Diathermy device, times used25Escharotomy6
Monopolar Diathermy handle44Smoke evacuator device (to diathermy), times used25Pre-filter smoke evacuator33Neutral electrode diathermy33
Transport ventilator tube16Infectious disease consultation39Ophthalmologist17ENT consultation10
General surgery consultation19Vascular consultation3Psych consultation4Ortho consultation8
Tube T Syringe pump293Infusion line198IV stopper1300Medicine cups816
Lid to medicine cup816Mixing adapter for closed inject/infusion cannula/needle43Mixing adapter for closed iv port43Mixing connector neck 20 and 13 mm181
Inf anidulafungin (Ecalta™)700Albumin 200 mg/mL, mL1200Albumin 50 mg/mL, mL6031Ciprofloxacin (Ciproxin)7200
Dexmedetomidin (Dexdor) 8 µg/mL, µg54,973Fentanyl 50 µg/mL, µg30,179Furosemide 10 mg/mL, mL1586Gentamicin Inf2320
Glucose 25 mg/mL, mL20,844.6Buffered glucose 50 mg/mL, mL16,174Glucose 50 mg/mL, mL13,045Inf glucose carrier #1 50 mg/mL Inf1450
Inf glucose carrier #2 50 mg/mL Inf961Humulin regular (Insulin)1 E/mL Inf1507.5Imipenem (Tienam) Inf330.9Potassium 1 Mmol/mL Inf, Mmol1741.1
Ketamine 10 mg/mL Inf, Mg49,736Clonidine (Catapresan) 15 µg/mL Inf19,139Midazolam (Dormicum) Inf, Mg1934Morfin 1 mg/mL Inf, mg4706.5
Noradrenalin 0.1 mg/mL Inf. Mg1491Nutriflex Lipid Plus SVA Inf, mL42,476Inf oxycodone 1 mg/mL Inf2475Propofol 20 mg/mL Inf. mg202,467
Inf remifentanil Inf, 100 µg/mL34,678Ringer acetate Inf597,253Inf tranexamic acid (Cyklokapron) gram7.8Inf tribonat Inf1400
Acetazolamide (Diamox) Inj3000Calciumchloride Inj, Mmol4.5Cefotaxim (Claforan) Inj155Dalteparin (Fragmin) Sc. IU622,500
Efedrin Inj150Esomeprazol 8 mg/mL Inj1240Inj Fenylefrin Inj1.3Inj Fentanyl Inj2150
Haloperidol (Haldol) 1 mg/mL Inj4Hydrocortisone (Solu-Cortef) Inj1850Potassium citrate Inj60Lidocaine 10 mg/mL with adrenaline 5 µg/mL Inj, mg425
Lidocaine Inj, mg435Meropenem (Meronem) Inj, gram96Metoklopramid 5 mg/mL Inj mg639Metoprolol Inj5
Neurobion (B-Vitamin) Inj Im3Inj Piperacillin (Tazocin) Inj288,000Inj Ranitidin (Zantac) 2.5 mg/mL Inj12,050Inj Rokuronium (Esmeron) Inj, mg1425
Inj Tetanus booster Inj, dose2Inj Tobramycin (Nebcina) Inj1320Inj Trimetoprim Och Sulfametoxazol, mg5520
T(ablet) Beviplex Comp T193T Flunitrazepam T2T Hydroxicin (Atarax) T326T Ibuprofen T10,800
T Melatonin (Circadin) T11T Mitt Val Sport Multivitamin T55T Mirtazapin T60T Ondansetron T16
T Oxazepam (Sobril) T72.5T Oxandrolon T102.5T Paracetamol mg279,500T Propanolol (Inderal) T1220
Inj Ranitidin (Zantac) 150 mg. 3750T Spironolakton T1525T Trimetoprim/Sulfa (Eusaprim Forte) T1440T Zopliklon T170
ET (effervescent tablet) Ascorbic acid Vit-C ET189Oral potassium citrate (Kajos) oral mixture60Oral Klometiazol (Heminevrin) oral mixture, mg600Oral Laktulos oral mixture417,900
Oral Movicol granulate oral14.3Naloxon 1 mg/mL oral mixture603,000ET Zinksulfat (Solvezink) ET8235Acetylcystein Inh, mg21,800
Ipratropiumbromid + Salbutamol, mg45.5Lidocaine Gel, urethra7Chloramfenikol eye ointment, Application10Occulentum Simplex eye ointment 5 g/tube33
Erythrocyte-conc, mL37,200Plasma, mL27,280Platelet, mL10,467Transfusion line244
Enteral nutrition, mL69,035Blood gas syringe766Test tube, gold/yellow32Test tube, mint green141
Test tube light blue/black106Test tube, purple 5 mL150Test tube, purple 7 mL6Test tube, red28
Test tube pink8VacuTainer holder182Butterfly blue/green2Kit for lower bronchial microbial culture, trach13
Culture tub black (MRSA)14Culture tube without additives5Faeces culture tube5Nasopharynx culture tube3
Blood culture flask aerobic44Blood culture flask anaerobic444Blood culture holder42Urine culture tube18
VacuTainer holder urine5Surgery28Anaesthesia time hour114.26Operating time hour74.5
Theatre HCA 53Theatre HCA hour261.4Theatre RN 53Theatre RN hour265.53
Plastic surgeon 94Anaesthesia HCA 28Anaesthesia HCA hour152.4
Anaesthesia RN 42Anaesthesia RN hour226.7Anaesthetist 27Anaesthetist hour111.2
Theatre clothes362Nonsterile anaesthesia gown200 Donor skin cm255,680
Coa-Comp device, times used5Bipolar diathermy cable and forceps38Fluid filter smoke evacuator (diathermy)27Dermatome device, times used6
Dermatome blade17Mesher device, times used5Mesher plate29Watson blade50
Weck knife49U-alcohol 70%, 1000 mL bottle2250Amputation3Torniquet device, times used12
Tourniquet cuff14Meek mesh device, times used2Meek mesh spray glue2Meek mesh plates40
Versajet, times used6Versajet handle7Theatre table, times used28Theatre table sheet. Absorbing, unsterile28
Transfer sheet Flexislide28Sterile air–heat blanket24Spray device for Tissue glue, times used2Sprayset Tissue glue4
Pack of excision instruments28Theatre towel glue border 75 × 100 (90) cm, 4 pieces/wound and access84Absorption towel M glue, 4 pieces120Theatre tape 9 × 49 cm, 5 St150
Needle box30Scalpel blade no. 1026Scalpel blade no. 2226Bandage support 12 cm, 5 pieces, sterile150
Bandage support 10 cm, 5 pieces159Ziploc bag 25 × 46 cm, pieces43Assist table bag 79 × 145 cm, 2 pieces60Intrasite conformable1
Infusion pump TIVA29Infusion fluid warmer7Infusion line for fluid warmer8Liquid heater device3
Anaesthesia machine28Absorber28Anaesthesia tube28Spirometry tube28
Daily cleaning patient room cleaner 30 min/day56Daily cleaning patient room staff 30 min/day56Cleaning time OR10
Long cleaning cloth800Thick cleaning cloth96Perform 1 pack (for cleaning)32
Outflow bag72Dialysis fluid840,000Citrate 150022,500Chalk 150022,500

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Table 1. Emergo Train System® simulated patients.
Table 1. Emergo Train System® simulated patients.
Simulated PatientGenderAgeTBSA (%)
1Female3356.5
2Male3586
3Male3750
4Male2541
5Male7152
6Female3025
7Female4767.5
8Female6825
Table 2. Human resources.
Table 2. Human resources.
Health ProfessionalNumber of Hours
ICU/ward nurse5546
Plastic Surgeon410
Intensivist116
Physiotherapist49
Occupational therapist44
Dietician19.5
Anaesthetist111
Theatre nurse909
Social worker5
Table 3. Example of consumables/resources used.
Table 3. Example of consumables/resources used.
PPEFluids
Gloves (pairs)17,012Saline88 L
Disposable aprons7070Ringer acetate597 L
Surgical gowns1815RBC37.2 L or 124 units
Plasma27.3 L or 137 units
Disinfectants Medication
Surface206 LPropofol205,602 mg or 10 L
Hand hygiene72 LMorphine4663 mg
Dressings Noradrenaline1491 mg
Paraffin rolls (15 cm × 2 m)411Ketamine49,736 mg
Gauze1898Paracetamol279,500 mg
Bandages382Syringes3711
Surgical Staples369
Operation
Number of operations28
Operation time *74.5 h
Allograft55,680 cm2
* Excludes dressing changes—these are performed on the ward (±sedation).
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MDPI and ACS Style

Wong, W.L.; Carlsson, K.; Lindblad, M.; Sjökvist, O.; Huss, F. Resource Requirements in a Burn Mass Casualty Event. Eur. Burn J. 2024, 5, 228-237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ebj5030022

AMA Style

Wong WL, Carlsson K, Lindblad M, Sjökvist O, Huss F. Resource Requirements in a Burn Mass Casualty Event. European Burn Journal. 2024; 5(3):228-237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ebj5030022

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wong, Wei Lun, Kristina Carlsson, Marie Lindblad, Olivia Sjökvist, and Fredrik Huss. 2024. "Resource Requirements in a Burn Mass Casualty Event" European Burn Journal 5, no. 3: 228-237. https://doi.org/10.3390/ebj5030022

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