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Article

Study on the Operation of a Diesel Engine Partially Fueled with Ammonia †

by
Lucian Miron
1,2,*,
Iulian Voicu
3,
Dan Catalin Niculescu
1,
Radu Ionescu
1,
Vlad Alexandru Ungureanu
1 and
Radu Chiriac
1,2
1
Romanian Research & Development Institute for Gas Turbines (COMOTI), 061126 Bucharest, Romania
2
Department of Thermodynamics Thermal and Refrigeration Equipment, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
3
Liquid Ammonia Sustainable Technologies SRL, Bld. Metalurgiei 132, 041837 Bucharest, Romania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 5th edition of the AMMA International Congress (AMMA 2025), CLUJ-NAPOCA, Romania, 23–25 October 2025.
Vehicles 2026, 8(7), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8070163
Submission received: 19 May 2026 / Revised: 23 June 2026 / Accepted: 7 July 2026 / Published: 10 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Mobility and Sustainable Automotive Technologies, 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

In the current context of developing strategies to mitigate global warming driven by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, hydrogen and ammonia have emerged as critical vectors for the decarbonization of the transportation, energy, and industrial sectors. Ammonia, specifically, serves as a highly effective hydrogen carrier, possessing three times the volumetric energy density of hydrogen. In this study, the authors present experimental findings from a compression ignition (CI) engine operating at a constant speed across two distinct loads. A dual-fuel strategy was employed, wherein ammonia was injected into the intake manifold to partially displace conventional diesel fuel. The results demonstrate that optimizing ammonia injection leads to a significant smoke reduction of up to 73.43% and a decrease in CO2 emissions of approximately 15.7%, albeit with a relative BTE penalty of 9.14% and an NOx increase of 9.30% at the lower load setting. These findings strongly align with earlier research, providing further evidence that ammonia effectively mitigates soot and carbon-based emissions while simultaneously reducing fuel consumption and smoke opacity.
Keywords: diesel engine; ammonia injection; efficiency; emissions diesel engine; ammonia injection; efficiency; emissions

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MDPI and ACS Style

Miron, L.; Voicu, I.; Niculescu, D.C.; Ionescu, R.; Ungureanu, V.A.; Chiriac, R. Study on the Operation of a Diesel Engine Partially Fueled with Ammonia. Vehicles 2026, 8, 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8070163

AMA Style

Miron L, Voicu I, Niculescu DC, Ionescu R, Ungureanu VA, Chiriac R. Study on the Operation of a Diesel Engine Partially Fueled with Ammonia. Vehicles. 2026; 8(7):163. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8070163

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miron, Lucian, Iulian Voicu, Dan Catalin Niculescu, Radu Ionescu, Vlad Alexandru Ungureanu, and Radu Chiriac. 2026. "Study on the Operation of a Diesel Engine Partially Fueled with Ammonia" Vehicles 8, no. 7: 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8070163

APA Style

Miron, L., Voicu, I., Niculescu, D. C., Ionescu, R., Ungureanu, V. A., & Chiriac, R. (2026). Study on the Operation of a Diesel Engine Partially Fueled with Ammonia. Vehicles, 8(7), 163. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8070163

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