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Volume 8
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Contribution in Modeling of Traffic Flow, Using Bond Graph Model Approach: Translating Traffic into Bond Graph Model Variables—Case Study of the Area of Three Crossroads for the City of Sofia, Bulgaria

by
Alexander Grantcharov
1,
Milka Uzunova
2,
Konstantin Dimitrov
1,
Rositsa Velichkova
3,4 and
Iskra Simova
3,4,*
1
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
2
ECAM-EPMI, LR2E, 95092 Cergy-Pontoise, France
3
Faculty of Power Engineering and Power Machines, Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
4
National Center of Excellence for Mechatronics and Clean Technologies, Technical University of Sofia, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Vehicles 2026, 8(6), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8060130
Submission received: 24 April 2026 / Revised: 5 June 2026 / Accepted: 8 June 2026 / Published: 11 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Intelligent and Connected Mobility)
Versions Notes

Abstract

The work presented in this study uses Bond Graphs to model and simulate complex urban traffic flow systems consisting of three interconnected, traffic-light-controlled crossroads with heavy traffic demand. Bond Graph models are highly versatile for modeling multi-domain systems and provide a convenient bridge between analytical representations and numerical implementations. In this paper, we exploit Bond Graph model theory and digital logic concepts to develop a structured methodology for deriving Bond Graph switching network models applied to urban traffic flow. A simple traffic-light-controlled crossroad is then modeled and analyzed. Moreover, the application of Bond Graph modeling to traffic flow, illustrated through a real case study of a street network in Sofia, Bulgaria, validates the proposed model-based approach. The obtained results demonstrate the relevance and effectiveness of the proposed Bond Graph model-based macroscopic traffic modeling framework in capturing the fundamental dynamics of traffic flow under signalized control. Beyond the specific case study considered, these results highlight the potential of the approach as a general and extensible tool for modeling more complex urban traffic networks. They open perspectives for future work aimed at assessing the flexibility, scalability, and generalization capability of the framework for heterogeneous intersections and large-scale traffic systems.
Keywords: traffic flow; modeling; Bond Graph model approach; traffic management and control traffic flow; modeling; Bond Graph model approach; traffic management and control

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MDPI and ACS Style

Grantcharov, A.; Uzunova, M.; Dimitrov, K.; Velichkova, R.; Simova, I. Contribution in Modeling of Traffic Flow, Using Bond Graph Model Approach: Translating Traffic into Bond Graph Model Variables—Case Study of the Area of Three Crossroads for the City of Sofia, Bulgaria. Vehicles 2026, 8, 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8060130

AMA Style

Grantcharov A, Uzunova M, Dimitrov K, Velichkova R, Simova I. Contribution in Modeling of Traffic Flow, Using Bond Graph Model Approach: Translating Traffic into Bond Graph Model Variables—Case Study of the Area of Three Crossroads for the City of Sofia, Bulgaria. Vehicles. 2026; 8(6):130. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8060130

Chicago/Turabian Style

Grantcharov, Alexander, Milka Uzunova, Konstantin Dimitrov, Rositsa Velichkova, and Iskra Simova. 2026. "Contribution in Modeling of Traffic Flow, Using Bond Graph Model Approach: Translating Traffic into Bond Graph Model Variables—Case Study of the Area of Three Crossroads for the City of Sofia, Bulgaria" Vehicles 8, no. 6: 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8060130

APA Style

Grantcharov, A., Uzunova, M., Dimitrov, K., Velichkova, R., & Simova, I. (2026). Contribution in Modeling of Traffic Flow, Using Bond Graph Model Approach: Translating Traffic into Bond Graph Model Variables—Case Study of the Area of Three Crossroads for the City of Sofia, Bulgaria. Vehicles, 8(6), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles8060130

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