Association of Feed Efficiency, Feeding Rate, and Behaviour with the Milk Performance of Dairy Cows
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Statistical Analyses
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Milk Yield and Feed Traits
4.2. Effect of Feed Traits on Behaviour
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Num. Records | Mean | SD | Minimum | Maximum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Milk yield, kg/d | 1895 | 27.5 | 5.5 | 13.5 | 43.1 |
Relative milk yield 1, kg/d | 1643 | 4.37 | 0.77 | 2.30 | 6.80 |
Lactations, n | 1895 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1 | 6 |
Days in milk, d | 1895 | 128 | 40 | 31 | 209 |
Feed intake 2, kg/d | 1895 | 52.9 | 19.9 | 11.8 | 125.1 |
Body weight, kg | 1643 | 633 | 61 | 501 | 802 |
Body condition score, point | 1895 | 2.94 | 0.40 | 2.25 | 4.00 |
Feeding rate, min/kg | 1895 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.40 |
FCR 3, kg feed/1 kg milk | 1895 | 1.95 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 4.00 |
Ruminating time 2, min/d | 1895 | 575 | 72 | 231 | 787 |
Feeding time 2, min/d | 1895 | 264 | 67 | 106 | 500 |
Resting time, min/d | 1895 | 417 | 84 | 179 | 834 |
Activity time, min/d | 1895 | 184 | 60 | 34 | 299 |
Rumination/activity ratio | 1895 | 3.62 | 1.77 | 1.26 | 16.98 |
Rumination/feeding ratio | 1895 | 2.35 | 0.79 | 0.72 | 6.89 |
Milk Yield (kg/d) | Relative Milk Yield (kg/d) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | ≥31 | 30 to 25 | ≤24 | ≥5 | 4.9 to 4 | ≤4 |
n (Daily Measures) | 517 | 710 | 668 | 382 | 760 | 501 |
Milk yield, kg/d | - | - | - | 31.6 ± 0.3 a | 26.8 ± 0.3 b | 22.7 ± 0.3 c |
Relative milk yield 1, kg/d | 4.81 ± 0.05 a | 4.03 ± 0.05 b | 3.30 ± 0.05 c | - | - | - |
Feed intake, kg/d | 76.9 ± 2.4 a | 66.5 ± 2.1 b | 55.0 ± 2.1 c | 70.2 ± 2.4 a | 65.0 ± 2.2 b | 58.3 ± 2.1 c |
Bodyweight, kg | 687 ± 6 a | 667 ± 5 b | 661 ± 5 c | 635 ± 5 c | 652 ± 5 b | 670 ± 5 a |
Body condition score, point | 3.16 ± 0.04 c | 3.22 ± 0.04 b | 3.51 ± 0.04 a | 3.01 ± 0.04 c | 3.17 ± 0.03 b | 3.46 ± 0.03 a |
Feeding rate, min/kg | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 b | 0.21 ± 0.01 c | 0.25 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 b |
FCR 2, kg feed/1 kg milk | 2.44 ± 0.09 | 2.48 ± 0.08 | 2.42 ± 0.08 | 2.27 ± 0.08 c | 2.37 ± 0.08 b | 2.44 ± 0.08 a |
Ruminating time, min/d | 578 ± 10 a | 563 ± 9 b | 577 ± 9 a | 568 ± 9 | 566 ± 9 | 563 ± 8 |
Feeding time, min/d | 241 ± 9 c | 288 ± 8 b | 291 ± 8 a | 244 ± 8 b | 280 ± 8 b | 288 ± 8 a |
Resting time, min/d | 390 ± 11 a | 370 ± 10 b | 391 ± 10 a | 382 ± 11 ab | 371 ± 10 b | 398 ± 10 a |
Activity time, min/d | 233 ± 8 a | 219 ± 7 b | 180 ± 7 c | 246 ± 7 a | 223 ± 7 b | 191 ± 7 c |
Rumination/activity ratio | 2.96 ± 0.23 c | 3.01 ± 0.20 b | 4.03 ± 0.21 a | 2.51 ± 0.22 c | 3.04 ± 0.20 b | 3.65 ± 0.20 a |
Rumination/feeding ratio | 2.48 ± 0.10 a | 1.99 ± 0.09 b | 1.99 ± 0.09 b | 2.40 ± 0.10 a | 2.07 ± 0.09 b | 1.95 ± 0.09 c |
Feed Intake, kg/day | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | ≥80 | 79 to 60 | 59 to 40 | 39 to 30 | ≤29 |
n (Daily Measures) | 236 | 419 | 606 | 519 | 115 |
Milk yield, kg/d | 26.8 ± 0.4 a | 25.5 ± 0.4 b | 24.5 ± 0.4 c | 23.2 ± 0.4 d | 21.3 ± 0.5 e |
Relative milk yield 1, kg/d | 3.95 ± 0.07 a | 3.85 ± 0.07 ab | 3.78 ± 0.07 b | 3.65 ± 0.07 c | 3.43 ± 0.09 d |
Feed intake, kg/d | - | - | - | - | - |
Bodyweight, kg | 687 ± 5 a | 672 ± 5 b | 658 ± 5 c | 643 ± 5 d | 623 ± 6 e |
Body condition score, point | 3.30 ± 0.04 b | 3.31 ± 0.04 b | 3.30 ± 0.04 b | 3.36 ± 0.04 ab | 3.43 ± 0.05 a |
Feeding rate, min/kg | 0.28 ± 0.01 a | 0.24 ±0.01 b | 0.19 ± 0.01 c | 0.18 ± 0.01 d | 0.16 ±0.01 e |
FCR 2, kg feed/1 kg milk | 3.26 ± 0.04 a | 2.72 ± 0.04 b | 2.08 ± 0.04 c | 1.58 ± 0.04 d | 1.33 ±0.05 e |
Ruminating time, min/d | 539 ± 9 d | 556 ± 9 c | 588 ± 8 b | 608 ± 9 a | 569 ± 10 c |
Feeding time, min/d | 274 ± 8 b | 274 ± 8 b | 296 ± 8 a | 305 ± 8 a | 300 ± 10 a |
Resting time, min/d | 387 ± 10 d | 383 ± 10 c | 361 ± 10 b | 371 ± 10 a | 426 ± 12 a |
Activity time, min/d | 240 ± 7 a | 226 ± 7 b | 195 ± 7 c | 156 ± 7 d | 145 ± 8 d |
Rumination/activity ratio | 2.49 ± 0.20 d | 2.86 ± 0.20 c | 3.63 ± 0.20 b | 4.71 ± 0.20 a | 4.65 ± 0.24 a |
Rumination/feeding ratio | 1.97 ± 0.10 | 2.07 ± 0.10 | 1.97 ± 0.10 | 2.04 ± 0.10 | 1.87 ± 0.12 |
FCR, kg Feed/1 kg Milk | Feeding Rate, min/kg | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | ≤1.4 | 1.4 to 2.6 | ≥2.6 | ≥0.14 | 0.14 to 0.26 | ≥0.26 |
n (Daily Measures) | 383 | 383 | 383 | 383 | 925 | 587 |
Milk yield, kg/d | 24.8 ± 0.4 a | 25.3 ± 0.4 b | 25.1 ± 0.4 ab | 26.1 ± 0.4 a | 24.8 ± 0.4 b | 23.6 ± 0.4 c |
Relative milk yield 1, kg/d | 3.77 ± 0.07 c | 3.92 ± 0.07 b | 4.01 ± 0.07 a | 3.99 ± 0.07 a | 3.85 ± 0.07 b | 3.67 ± 0.07 c |
Feed intake, kg/d | 78.8 ± 1.3 a | 52.5 ± 1.3 b | 33.7 ± 1.4 c | 76.3 ± 2.0 a | 57.5 ± 1.9 b | 45.9 ± 2.1 c |
Bodyweight, kg | 24.8 ± 0.4 a | 25.3 ± 0.4 b | 25.1 ± 0.4 ab | 673 ± 5 a | 654 ± 5 b | 650 ± 6 b |
Body condition score, point | 3.35 ± 0.04 a | 3.31 ± 0.04 ab | 3.29 ± 0.04 b | 3.33 ± 0.04 a | 3.33 ± 0.04 a | 3.25 ± 0.04 b |
Feeding rate, min/kg | 0.26 ± 0.01 a | 0.21 ± 0.01 b | 0.18 ± 0.01 c | - | - | - |
FCR 2, kg feed/1 kg milk | - | - | - | 2.86 ± 0.07 a | 2.31 ± 0.07 b | 1.93 ± 0.07 c |
Ruminating time 1, min/d | 540 ± 8 c | 582 ± 8 b | 597 ± 8 a | 548 ± 9 c | 571 ± 8 b | 587 ± 9 a |
Feeding time, min/d | 282 ± 8 b | 287 ± 8 b | 298 ± 8 a | 272 ± 8 b | 288 ± 8 b | 312 ± 8 a |
Resting time, min/d | 387 ± 10 a | 373 ± 10 b | 381 ± 10 ab | 398 ± 10 a | 375 ± 10 b | 350 ± 11 c |
Activity time, min/d | 230 ± 7 a | 197 ± 7 b | 164 ± 7 c | 222 ± 7 a | 205 ± 7 b | 191 ± 8 c |
Rumination/activity ratio | 2.64 ± 0.20 c | 3.63 ± 0.20 b | 4.39 ± 0.21 a | 2.92 ± 0.21 a | 3.40 ± 0.21 b | 3.64 ± 0.22 b |
Rumination/feeding ratio | 1.90 ± 0.10 b | 2.06 ± 0.09 a | 2.04 ± 0.10 a | 2.06 ± 0.10 a | 1.99 ± 0.09 a | 1.83 ± 0.10 b |
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Krpálková, L.; O’Mahony, N.; Carvalho, A.; Campbell, S.; Corkery, G.; Broderick, E.; Riordan, D.; Walsh, J. Association of Feed Efficiency, Feeding Rate, and Behaviour with the Milk Performance of Dairy Cows. Dairy 2021, 2, 684-694. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040053
Krpálková L, O’Mahony N, Carvalho A, Campbell S, Corkery G, Broderick E, Riordan D, Walsh J. Association of Feed Efficiency, Feeding Rate, and Behaviour with the Milk Performance of Dairy Cows. Dairy. 2021; 2(4):684-694. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040053
Chicago/Turabian StyleKrpálková, Lenka, Niall O’Mahony, Anderson Carvalho, Sean Campbell, Gerard Corkery, Eilish Broderick, Daniel Riordan, and Joseph Walsh. 2021. "Association of Feed Efficiency, Feeding Rate, and Behaviour with the Milk Performance of Dairy Cows" Dairy 2, no. 4: 684-694. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy2040053