Gender Difference in Social Capital, Common Mental Disorders and Depression: ELSA-Brasil Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Population and Data Collection
2.2. Study Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
2.5. Conflict of Interest and Responsibility for the Manuscript
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Data Availability Statement
References
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Variables | Categories | n Total (%) | Depression | CMD | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
no | yes | no | yes | ||||
[%] | [%] | [%] | [%] | ||||
Men (n = 6864) | |||||||
Prestige and Education | low | 1286 | (18.7) | 97.5 | 2.5 | 82.0 | 18.0 |
medium | 2208 | (32.2) | 97.6 | 2.4 | 80.6 | 19.4 | |
high | 3370 | (49.1) | 97.8 | 2.2 | 82.2 | 17.8 | |
p-value | 0.752 | 0.316 | |||||
Social Support | low | 780 | (11.4) | 96.9 | 3.1 | 81.2 | 18.8 |
medium | 1899 | (27.7) | 97.3 | 2.7 | 80.3 | 19.7 | |
high | 4185 | (61.0) | 98.0 | 2.0 | 82.4 | 17.6 | |
p-value | 0.08 | 0.133 | |||||
Age | 35–44 | 1560 | (22.7) | 97.0 | 3.0 | 78.9 | 21.1 |
45–54 | 2678 | (39.0) | 97.7 | 2.3 | 79.6 | 20.4 | |
55–64 | 1846 | (26.9) | 98.0 | 2.0 | 84.2 | 15.8 | |
65–74 | 780 | (11.4) | 98.2 | 1.8 | 87.8 | 12.2 | |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | |||||
Educational level | Up to incomplete elementary | 562 | (8.2) | 97.3 | 2.7 | 80.4 | 19.6 |
Complete elementary | 571 | (8.3) | 96.1 | 3.9 | 77.6 | 22.4 | |
Complete secondary | 2266 | (33.0) | 97.2 | 2.8 | 77.4 | 22.6 | |
Complete higher | 3465 | (50.5) | 98.3 | 1.7 | 85.3 | 14.7 | |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | |||||
Marital status | Separate | 807 | (11.8) | 95.9 | 4.1 | 74.6 | 25.4 |
Single | 359 | (5.2) | 96.9 | 3.1 | 78.3 | 21.7 | |
Married/united | 5615 | (81.8) | 98.1 | 1.9 | 83.0 | 17.0 | |
Widow | 83 | (1.2) | 92.8 | 7.2 | 73.5 | 26.5 | |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | |||||
(Women n = 8188) | |||||||
Prestige and Education | low | 1345 | (16.4) | 92.6 | 7.4 | 61.6 | 38.4 |
medium | 2866 | (35.0) | 93.6 | 6.4 | 66.3 | 33.7 | |
high | 3977 | (48.6) | 95.1 | 4.9 | 67.7 | 32.3 | |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | |||||
Social Support | low | 832 | (10.2) | 90.3 | 9.7 | 60.5 | 39.5 |
medium | 2245 | (27.4) | 92.9 | 7.1 | 64.1 | 35.9 | |
high | 5111 | (62.4) | 95.4 | 4.6 | 68.1 | 31.9 | |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | |||||
Age | 35–44 | 1775 | (21.7) | 94.3 | 5.7 | 61.6 | 38.4 |
45–54 | 3248 | (39.7) | 93.1 | 6.9 | 63.0 | 37.0 | |
55–64 | 2368 | (28.9) | 95.2 | 4.8 | 70.6 | 29.4 | |
65−74 | 797 | (9.7) | 95.5 | 4.5 | 76.8 | 23.2 | |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | |||||
Educational level | Up to incomplete elementary | 327 | (4.0) | 92.4 | 7.6 | 58.1 | 41.9 |
Complete elementary | 453 | (5.5) | 91.6 | 8.4 | 58.7 | 41.3 | |
Complete secondary | 2952 | (36.1) | 92.4 | 7.6 | 60.3 | 39.7 | |
Complete higher | 4456 | (54.4) | 95.7 | 4.3 | 71.5 | 28.5 | |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 | |||||
Marital status | Separate | 2124 | (25.9) | 92.4 | 7.6 | 63.3 | 36.7 |
Single | 1184 | (14.5) | 95.8 | 4.2 | 73.0 | 27.0 | |
Married/united | 4336 | (53.0) | 94.6 | 5.4 | 65.8 | 34.2 | |
Widow | 544 | (6.6) | 94.7 | 5.3 | 66.0 | 34.0 | |
p-value | <0.005 | <0.005 |
Social Capital | OR (95% CI) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Prestige and Education | Social Support | |||
Depression | CMD | Depression | CMD | |
Men (n = 6 864) | ||||
Model 0a | ||||
Medium SC | 1.11 (0.78; 1.59) | 1.11 (0.97; 1.27) | 1.41 (0.99; 2.00) | 1.15 (1.00; 1.32) |
Low SC | 1.15 (0.76; 1.76) | 1.01 (0.85; 1.19) | 1.59 (1.00; 2.52) | 1.08 (0.89; 1.32) |
Model 1b | ||||
Medium SC | 1.13 (0.79; 1.62) | 1.13 (0.99; 1.30) | 1.49 (1.04; 2.12) | 1.22 (1.06; 1.40) |
Low SC | 1.21 (0.79; 1.84) | 1.07 (0.90; 1.26) | 1.80 (1.12; 2.87) | 1.22 (1.00; 1.50) |
Model 2c | ||||
Medium SC | 1.01 (0.70; 1.46) | 1.02 (0.89; 1.18) | 1.37 (0.95; 1.96) | 1.12 (0.98; 1.30) |
Low SC | 0.90 (0.57; 1.41) | 0.81 (0.67; 0.97) | 1.54 (0.96;2.50) | 1.07 (0.87; 1.31) |
Model 3d | ||||
Medium SC | 1.03 (0.72; 1.49) | 1.03 (0.90; 1.19) | 1.34 (0.93; 1.92) | 1.11 (0.96; 1.28) |
Low SC | 0.90 (0.57; 1.41) | 0.81 (0.67; 0.97) | 1.47 (0.91; 2.37) | 1.03 (0.84; 1.27) |
Women (n = 8 188) | ||||
Model 0a | ||||
Medium SC | 1.32 (1.07; 1.63) | 1.06 (0.96; 1.18) | 1.57 (1.27; 1.93) | 1.20 (1.08; 1.33) |
Low SC | 1.54 (1.20; 1.98) | 1.31 (1.15; 1.48) | 2.22 (1.70; 2.89) | 1.40 (1.20; 1.63) |
Model 1b | ||||
Medium SC | 1.32 (1.07; 1.63) | 1.09 (0.98; 1.20) | 1.64 (1.33; 2.02) | 1.29 (1.16; 1.43) |
Low SC | 1.60 (1.25; 2.06) | 1.41 (1.24; 1.61) | 2.44 (1.86; 3.19) | 1.62 (1.38; 1.89) |
Model 2c | ||||
Medium SC | 1.20 (0.97; 1.48) | 0.98 (0.89; 1.09) | 1.49 (1.21; 1.85) | 1.17 (1.05; 1.30) |
Low SC | 1.21 (0.93; 1.59) | 1.08 (0.94; 1.24) | 2.09 (1.59; 2.76) | 1.38 (1.18; 1.62) |
Model 3d | ||||
Medium SC | 1.20 (0.97; 1.48) | 0.98 (0.89; 1.09) | 1.49 (1.21; 1.85) | 1.15 (1.03; 1.29) |
Low SC | 1.21 (0.92; 1.58) | 1.08 (0.94; 1.24) | 2.07 (1.57; 2.72) | 1.36 (1.16; 1.60) |
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Paiva Souto, E.; Moreno, A.B.; Chor, D.; Melo, E.C.P.; Barreto, S.M.; Nunes, M.A.; Carmen Viana, M.; H. Griep, R. Gender Difference in Social Capital, Common Mental Disorders and Depression: ELSA-Brasil Study. Psych 2020, 2, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych2010009
Paiva Souto E, Moreno AB, Chor D, Melo ECP, Barreto SM, Nunes MA, Carmen Viana M, H. Griep R. Gender Difference in Social Capital, Common Mental Disorders and Depression: ELSA-Brasil Study. Psych. 2020; 2(1):85-96. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych2010009
Chicago/Turabian StylePaiva Souto, Ester, Arlinda B. Moreno, Dóra Chor, Enirtes Caetano Prates Melo, Sandhi M. Barreto, Maria A. Nunes, Maria Carmen Viana, and Rosane H. Griep. 2020. "Gender Difference in Social Capital, Common Mental Disorders and Depression: ELSA-Brasil Study" Psych 2, no. 1: 85-96. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych2010009
APA StylePaiva Souto, E., Moreno, A. B., Chor, D., Melo, E. C. P., Barreto, S. M., Nunes, M. A., Carmen Viana, M., & H. Griep, R. (2020). Gender Difference in Social Capital, Common Mental Disorders and Depression: ELSA-Brasil Study. Psych, 2(1), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.3390/psych2010009