Effect of pH, Surfactant, and Temperature on Mixed-Phase Structure and Band Gap Properties of BiNbO4 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Different Routes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of Mixed-Phase BiNbO4 Nanoparticles
2.2.1. Co-precipitation Method
2.2.2. Hydrothermal Method
2.2.3. Citrate Precursor Method
2.3. Characterization of the Mixed-Phase BiNbO4
2.3.1. Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD)
2.3.2. UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS)
2.3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS)
2.3.4. Specific Surface Area and Porosity
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Powder X-Ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (PXRD)
3.2. UV-Vis DRS
3.3. SEM and Energy-Dispersive X-Ray (EDS) Analysis
3.4. N2 Adsorption–Desorption Analysis
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Co-Precipitation Method at 750 °C | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Condition | Band Gap Energy (eV) | SBET (m2g−1) | Pore Size (nm) | Vpores (10−3 cm3g−1) | Crystalline Size (nm) | Lattice Constants | |||||||
SYS | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | Vol (Å3) | |||||||||
pH = 2 | 2.86 | 1.0 | 7.6 | 1.9 | 23.1 | T | 7.66 | 5.54 | 7.91 | 90.09 | 78.11 | 86.65 | 327.88 |
O | 4.99 | 11.701 | 5.687 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 332.10 | ||||||
pH = 7 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 35.7 | T | 7.51 | 5.51 | 7.90 | 90.14 | 77.09 | 91.93 | 318.53 |
O | 4.96 | 11.65 | 5.66 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 309.25 | ||||||
pH = 10 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 5.7 | 4.1 | 34.3 | T | 7.26 | 5.50 | 8.03 | 91.94 | 74.04 | 82.61 | 305.58 |
O | 4.97 | 11.68 | 5.68 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 330.04 |
Hydrothermal Approach at 750 °C | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Condition | Band Gap Energy (eV) | SBET (m2g−1) | Pore Size (nm) | Vpores (10−3 cm3g−1) | Crystalline Size (nm) | Lattice Constants | |||||||
SYS | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | Vol (Å3) | |||||||||
pH = 2 | 3.26 | 6.2 | 5.9 | 9.2 | 13.5 | T | 7.12 | 5.19 | 7.47 | 89.88 | 76.34 | 87.53 | 267.62 |
O | 4.94 | 11.63 | 5.65 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 324.60 | ||||||
pH = 7 | 3.43 | 12.9 | 7.5 | 24.3 | 23.1 | T | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
O | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||||
pH = 10 | 3.43 | 20.5 | 7.6 | 39.1 | 21.1 | T | 7.28 | 5.19 | 7.48 | 86.03 | 77.63 | 87.13 | 274.79 |
O | 4.91 | 11.81 | 5.73 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 332.27 |
Citrate Method at 750 °C | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Condition | Band Gap Energy (eV) | SBET (m2g−1) | Pore Size (nm) | Vpores (10−3 cm3g−1) | Crystalline Size (nm) | Lattice Constants | |||||||
SYS | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | Vol (Å3) | |||||||||
pH = 2 | 3.25 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 8.8 | 11.8 | T | 7.39 | 5.20 | 7.35 | 90.86 | 78.39 | 86.01 | 275.13 |
O | 4.84 | 11.84 | 5.74 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 328.93 | ||||||
pH = 7 | 2.69 | 4.5 | 7.0 | 8.0 | - | T | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
O | 5.03 | 11.70 | 5.64 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 331.92 | ||||||
pH = 10 | 3.16 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 8.8 | 21.8 | T | 7.26 | 5.17 | 7.44 | 89.59 | 77.14 | 86.65 | 271.62 |
O | 4.79 | 11.75 | 5.73 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 322.50 |
Co-Precipitation Method at 750 °C with Surfactant | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Condition | Band Gap Energy (eV) | SBET (m2g−1) | Pore Size (nm) | Vpores (10−3 cm3g−1) | Crystalline Size (nm) | Lattice Constants | |||||||
SYS | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | Vol (Å3) | |||||||||
pH = 2 | 2.80 | 1.0 | 7.6 | 1.9 | 23.1 | T | 7.66 | 5.54 | 7.91 | 90.09 | 78.11 | 86.65 | 327.88 |
O | 4.99 | 11.70 | 5.69 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 332.10 | ||||||
SDS | 2.77 | 1.6 | 6.3 | 2.5 | 41.1 | T | 7.33 | 5.16 | 7.43 | 89.79 | 78.54 | 85.4 | 274.45 |
O | 4.95 | 11.72 | 5.71 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 331.26 | ||||||
PEG | 3.30 | 1.2 | 5.7 | 1.7 | 32.9 | T | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
O | 4.92 | 11.67 | 5.67 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 325.19 | ||||||
EG | 2.6 | 0.6 | 7.8 | 1.2 | 18.6 | T | 7.63 | 5.51 | 7.92 | 90.56 | 102.0 | 86.34 | 325.29 |
O | 4.97 | 11.75 | 5.67 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 331.49 |
Co-Precipitation Method at 900 °C | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Condition | Band Gap Energy (eV) | Crystalline Size (nm) | Lattice Constants | |||||||
SYS | a (Å) | b (Å) | c (Å) | Vol (Å3) | ||||||
pH = 2 | 3.13 | 43.5 | T | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
O | 4.97 | 11.69 | 5.67 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 329.4 | |||
pH = 7 | 3.3 | 34.3 | T | 7.57 | 5.52 | 7.91 | 90.12 | 77.33 | 87.60 | 322.73 |
O | 4.94 | 11.69 | 5.67 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 327.43 | |||
pH = 10 | 3.3 | 47.7 | T | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
O | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
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Bakiro, M.; Hussein Ahmed, S.; Alzamly, A. Effect of pH, Surfactant, and Temperature on Mixed-Phase Structure and Band Gap Properties of BiNbO4 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Different Routes. Chemistry 2019, 1, 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry1010008
Bakiro M, Hussein Ahmed S, Alzamly A. Effect of pH, Surfactant, and Temperature on Mixed-Phase Structure and Band Gap Properties of BiNbO4 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Different Routes. Chemistry. 2019; 1(1):89-110. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry1010008
Chicago/Turabian StyleBakiro, Maram, Salwa Hussein Ahmed, and Ahmed Alzamly. 2019. "Effect of pH, Surfactant, and Temperature on Mixed-Phase Structure and Band Gap Properties of BiNbO4 Nanoparticles Prepared Using Different Routes" Chemistry 1, no. 1: 89-110. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry1010008