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J. Nanotheranostics, Volume 5, Issue 4 (December 2024) – 4 articles

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16 pages, 4799 KiB  
Article
Exploring the Role of Fibroblasts in Promoting Neuroblastoma Cell Migration and Invasion
by Diana Corallo, Cristina Nardelli, Marcella Pantile, Sara Menegazzo, Alessandra Biffi and Sanja Aveic
J. Nanotheranostics 2024, 5(4), 212-227; https://doi.org/10.3390/jnt5040013 - 8 Dec 2024
Viewed by 218
Abstract
Neuroblastoma, the most common pediatric extracranial solid tumor, arises from the malignant transformation of neural crest progenitors in the peripheral nervous system. Its clinical and genetic heterogeneity poses significant challenges, especially in high-risk patients with metastatic disease. Two plastic neuroblastoma cell phenotypes, adrenergic [...] Read more.
Neuroblastoma, the most common pediatric extracranial solid tumor, arises from the malignant transformation of neural crest progenitors in the peripheral nervous system. Its clinical and genetic heterogeneity poses significant challenges, especially in high-risk patients with metastatic disease. Two plastic neuroblastoma cell phenotypes, adrenergic (ADR) and mesenchymal (MES), have been identified. Notably, MES neuroblastoma cells exhibit increased migration and chemoresistance. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor microenvironment further promote tumor aggressiveness by enhancing cancer cell proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling, angiogenesis and metastasis. This study explored the role of non-activated fibroblasts in ADR and MES neuroblastoma cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that MES and ADR neuroblastoma cells influenced fibroblast activation into CAFs differently, with MES cells promoting a more invasive environment leading to tumor spread. These findings enhance our understanding of how ADR and MES phenotypes contribute to the formation of a pro-metastatic niche by activating fibroblasts in CAFs. This insight could inform new therapeutic strategies targeting the tumor microenvironment to prevent neuroblastoma metastasis. Full article
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24 pages, 951 KiB  
Review
Characteristics and Preparation of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
by Marjorie de Carvalho Vieira Queiroz and Luís Alexandre Muehlmann
J. Nanotheranostics 2024, 5(4), 188-211; https://doi.org/10.3390/jnt5040012 - 25 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have emerged as promising systems for delivering active ingredients. They are derived from physiological, biodegradable, and biocompatible lipids, offering benefits such as sustained release promotion and increased drug stability. These systems are apt for [...] Read more.
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have emerged as promising systems for delivering active ingredients. They are derived from physiological, biodegradable, and biocompatible lipids, offering benefits such as sustained release promotion and increased drug stability. These systems are apt for the efficient transport of therapeutic drugs to target tissues while also providing advantages such as facilitating large-scale industrial production, bioavailability, and protection against degradation. The preparation of these nanoparticles involves utilizing diverse types of lipids, surfactants, and solvents. Common lipid varieties encompass triglycerides, steroids, and fatty acids, selected based on the active ingredient for stabilization within the lipid matrix. Preparation methods can be categorized into high-energy and low-energy approaches. This study investigated the differences between the main methodologies used, comparing SLN and NLC systems, and scrutinizing their respective advantages, disadvantages, and applications. Full article
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21 pages, 4519 KiB  
Review
Nanotechnology-Enhanced Orthopaedic Surgery
by Alexander Shao-Rong Pang, Zi Qiang Glen Liau, Jacob Yoong-Leong Oh and Dinesh Kumar Srinivasan
J. Nanotheranostics 2024, 5(4), 167-187; https://doi.org/10.3390/jnt5040011 - 13 Nov 2024
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Abstract
Nanomaterials hold significant promise for the future of orthopaedic implants due to their ability to mimic the nanoscale components of the bone, such as collagen fibrils and hydroxyapatite. Nanomaterials can regulate cell behaviour while offering mechanical strength and biocompatibility, making them ideal for [...] Read more.
Nanomaterials hold significant promise for the future of orthopaedic implants due to their ability to mimic the nanoscale components of the bone, such as collagen fibrils and hydroxyapatite. Nanomaterials can regulate cell behaviour while offering mechanical strength and biocompatibility, making them ideal for bone repair and tissue regeneration. This comprehensive review explores the key existing and potential applications of nanotechnology in orthopaedics, including bone tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, systems combatting implant-related infections, and the surface preparation of implants to enhance osseointegration. These innovations are poised to revolutionise orthopaedic care by improving implant durability, reducing infection risks, and promoting bone regeneration to deliver personalised treatment and create better patient outcomes. Full article
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34 pages, 2567 KiB  
Review
Drug Delivery Systems for Infectious Eye Diseases: Advancements and Prospects
by Binapani Mahaling, Namrata Baruah and Aumreetam Dinabandhu
J. Nanotheranostics 2024, 5(4), 133-166; https://doi.org/10.3390/jnt5040010 - 6 Oct 2024
Viewed by 1588
Abstract
Infectious ocular diseases like keratitis, conjunctivitis, and endophthalmitis pose significant clinical challenges due to the complexities of delivering drugs to the eye. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems offer promising improvements for treating these conditions. Key strategies include targeted delivery through physicochemical modifications, [...] Read more.
Infectious ocular diseases like keratitis, conjunctivitis, and endophthalmitis pose significant clinical challenges due to the complexities of delivering drugs to the eye. Recent advancements in drug delivery systems offer promising improvements for treating these conditions. Key strategies include targeted delivery through physicochemical modifications, magnetic nanoparticles, and ligand-receptor interactions. This review explores the safety and biocompatibility of ocular drug delivery systems through in vivo ocular toxicity studies, in vitro cytotoxicity assays, hemocompatibility studies, ocular tolerance tests, and genotoxicity assays. It also examines combination therapies and stimuli-responsive delivery systems for their potential to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, we discuss tailored and optimized drug delivery approaches for infectious ocular diseases, outlining current challenges and future directions for developing effective ocular drug delivery systems. Full article
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