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Volume 7
Issue 9
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Hybrid Digital Twin for Phytotron Microclimate Control: Integrating Physics-Based Modeling and IoT Sensor Networks

by
Vladimir V. Bukhtoyarov
1,2,3,
Ivan S. Nekrasov
2,*,
Ivan A. Timofeenko
4,
Alexey A. Gorodov
2,
Stanislav A. Kartushinskii
4,5,
Yury V. Trofimov
6 and
Sergey I. Lishik
6
1
Laboratory of Biofuel Compositions, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
2
Department of Technological Machines and Equipment of Oil and Gas Complex, School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
3
Artificial Intelligence Technology Scientific and Education Center, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia
4
Interdisciplinary Laboratory of City Farming, Institute of Gastronomy, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
5
School of Space and Information Technology, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
6
Center LED and Optoelectronics Technologies of National Academy Sciences of Belarus, 220090 Minsk, Belarus
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
AgriEngineering 2025, 7(9), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7090285
Submission received: 26 June 2025 / Revised: 19 August 2025 / Accepted: 21 August 2025 / Published: 2 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Computer Applications and Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Integration of IoT and predictive modeling is critical for optimizing microclimate management in urban-agglomeration vertical farming. In this study, we present a hybrid digital twin approach that combines a physical microclimate model with a distributed IoT monitoring system to simulate and control the phytotron environment. A set of heat- and mass-balance equations governing the dynamics of temperature, humidity, and transpiration was implemented and parameterized using a genetic algorithm (GA)—an evolutionary optimization method—with real-time data collected over three intervals (72 h, 90 h, and 110 h) from LoRaWAN sensors (temperature, humidity, CO2) and Wi-Fi-connected power meters managed by Home Assistant. The optimized model achieved mean temperature deviations ≤ 0.1 °C, relative humidity errors ≤ 2%, and overall energy consumption accuracy of 99.5% compared to measured values. The digital twin reliably tracked daily climate fluctuations and system energy use, confirming the accuracy of the hybrid approach. These results demonstrate that the proposed framework effectively integrates theoretical models with IoT-derived data to deliver precise environmental control and energy-use optimization in vertical farming, while also laying the groundwork for scalable digital twins in controlled-environment agriculture.
Keywords: digital twin; vertical farming; IoT monitoring; microclimate control; energy optimization; phytotron; modeling; simulation digital twin; vertical farming; IoT monitoring; microclimate control; energy optimization; phytotron; modeling; simulation

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Bukhtoyarov, V.V.; Nekrasov, I.S.; Timofeenko, I.A.; Gorodov, A.A.; Kartushinskii, S.A.; Trofimov, Y.V.; Lishik, S.I. Hybrid Digital Twin for Phytotron Microclimate Control: Integrating Physics-Based Modeling and IoT Sensor Networks. AgriEngineering 2025, 7, 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7090285

AMA Style

Bukhtoyarov VV, Nekrasov IS, Timofeenko IA, Gorodov AA, Kartushinskii SA, Trofimov YV, Lishik SI. Hybrid Digital Twin for Phytotron Microclimate Control: Integrating Physics-Based Modeling and IoT Sensor Networks. AgriEngineering. 2025; 7(9):285. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7090285

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bukhtoyarov, Vladimir V., Ivan S. Nekrasov, Ivan A. Timofeenko, Alexey A. Gorodov, Stanislav A. Kartushinskii, Yury V. Trofimov, and Sergey I. Lishik. 2025. "Hybrid Digital Twin for Phytotron Microclimate Control: Integrating Physics-Based Modeling and IoT Sensor Networks" AgriEngineering 7, no. 9: 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7090285

APA Style

Bukhtoyarov, V. V., Nekrasov, I. S., Timofeenko, I. A., Gorodov, A. A., Kartushinskii, S. A., Trofimov, Y. V., & Lishik, S. I. (2025). Hybrid Digital Twin for Phytotron Microclimate Control: Integrating Physics-Based Modeling and IoT Sensor Networks. AgriEngineering, 7(9), 285. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering7090285

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