Universal Open Space Design to Inform Digital Technologies for a Disability-Inclusive Place-Making on the Example of Hungary
Abstract
:1. Introduction
The Structure of the Paper
2. Literature Review
2.1. Characteristics and Environmental Aspects of Certain Disabilities
2.2. Design Concepts Related to Disability-Inclusive Open Spaces
2.3. Open Spaces’ Public Services and the Hierarchy of User Needs
- (1)
- In the case of physical accessibility providing mobility: “What can I do here?”
- (2)
- In a perceptible, contrasting environment helping orientation: “How can I do it?”
- (3)
- In the case of an appropriate spatial composition improving spatial experience: “What kind of aesthetic experience can I have in this space?”
- (4)
2.4. The Case of Hungary
2.5. Typology of Open Spaces Based on Their Tolerance towards Interventions
- (1)
- Public urban open spaces (OS-1) are typically dominated by artificial components, such as streets, squares, and environs of buildings from Balogh’s [7] urban open space typology. Its primary public function is transport and mobility, creating a network in the city connecting its public services. Because of the dominancy of its artificial components, this open space type is the most flexible to modification, so regulations for the built environment’s accessibility is valid to the greatest extent among open spaces. Furthermore, the smaller the design scale is, the more physical interventions to the environment can be carried out, which means that the recent Hungarian regulation can be best put into practice in the environs of public buildings.
- (2)
- Urban public green spaces (OS-2) include public parks, institution gardens and thematic urban open spaces from Balogh’s [7] urban open space typology. It consists of both artificial and natural elements, and the natural components are also often modified, reflecting the urban scales and the strong human influence, creating “domesticated” nature in settlements. Urban green spaces form biologically active areas suitable for recreational activities. Their public services are essential for the city and its inhabitant physiologically and psychologically as well. As the natural atmosphere is inherent in these spaces, physical interventions for accessibility have to be applied carefully. Near buildings and close to intensive, more artificial parts a higher level of physical accessibility can be required. For optimal spatial solutions of equal access, a hierarchy of functional units (e.g., play, sport, passive recreation, events) and connections are recommended to be distinguished.
- (3)
- Semi-natural landscapes (OS-3)—urban woodlands and waterfronts in Balogh’s [7] typology—are characterized dominantly by natural environmental components. Like urban green spaces, they are biologically active, are important for humans from psychological and physiological aspects, and can host activities of recreation. As they have the highest proportion of natural environmental elements which often cannot be modified at all, they have the lowest tolerance for physical interventions which can be basic for equal human access, and this trait can limit the applicability of UOSD’s tools [41].
2.6. Research Objectives
3. Materials and Methods
- ‘Research for design’ was used in the form of a comprehensive scientific literature review in order to gain knowledge which can serve as an input for universal open space design.
- With the tools of ‘Research on design’ (or ‘design research’), disability-related design strategies and concepts—shown in Section 2—were explored through the analyses of different projects and plans for creating a basis for future design.
- The processes of universal open space design were understood and identified along the method of ‘research about design’ through observations, site visits, on-site, and follow-up informal oral and written consultations with PwD and their advocacy organizations.
- ‘Research through design’ was applied in real Hungarian design projects in which the authors of this paper were involved. These multiple design experiments are presented as case studies in this paper. Via the analysis of the collected data, UOSD typologies and design principles were derived and continuously updated based on the feedbacks from social participation and monitoring [41,64,65] (Figure 2).
- Context, project background, and history.
- The preliminary research and design process.
- Research through design (the design process itself, presented according to classified environmental components namely objects, features, and functional units).
- Significance and uniqueness of the project.
4. Results
4.1. Case Study for the Category ‘Public Urban Open Space’: The Downtown of Budapest
4.1.1. Context, Project Background and History
4.1.2. The Preliminary Research and Design Process
4.1.3. Research through Design
4.1.4. Significance and Uniqueness of the Project
4.2. Case Study for the Category “Public Urban Green Spaces”: The Liget Budapest Project
4.2.1. Context, Project Background and History
4.2.2. The Preliminary Research and Design Process
4.2.3. Research through Design
- Promenades, squares, pavilions and their surroundings, thematic leisure areas providing basic public services and complex accessibility.
- Units that evoke nature and are partially accessible, e.g., natural waterfalls.
- Areas that are not suitable for independent, barrier-free use, such as hills, large lawns, narrow paths [83].
4.2.4. Significance and Uniqueness of the Project
4.3. Case Study for the Category “Semi-Natural Landscapes”: The Accessible Nature Project
4.3.1. Context, Project Background and History
4.3.2. The Preliminary Research and Design Process
4.3.3. Research through Design
4.3.4. Significance and Uniqueness of the Project
4.4. The Interrelation of UOSD and Digital Technologies
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
External Environmental Factor | Impairment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Motor | Visual | Hearing | Cognitive | Elderly | ||
Clear pedestrian traffic gauge | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
● | detection of hanging objects and protruding obstacles | ✔ | ||||
Vertical dimensions, slopes | ✔ | |||||
● | stairs are difficult to use or unusable | ✔ | ||||
● | ramp inclination is limited | ✔ | ||||
Clear space for maneuvering | ✔ | |||||
Human dimensions, ergonomics | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
● | lower access zone | ✔ | ||||
● | lower eye height (as for children) | ✔ | ||||
● | transparent space → a sense of security | ✔ | ||||
● | clear space for the knee | ✔ | ||||
● | barrier-free walking surfaces | ✔ | ✔ | |||
● | even, level, stable, slip-resistant, non-reflective surfaces | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
Distances | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |||
● | slower motion (e.g., at a pedestrian crossings) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
Lighting | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
● | difficulty in tracking sharp changes in lighting | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Contrast | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
● | dangers (stairs, pedestrian crossings with curb ramps) | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
● | destinations, attractions | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
Information via multiple channels | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
● | simultaneous tactile and audible information | ✔ | ||||
● | visually displayed audible information (e.g., alarms) | ✔ | ||||
● | moderate level of stimulus to avoid extreme reactions | ✔ | ||||
Well-organized space composition | ✔ | ✔ | ||||
● | well-structured spaces | ✔ | ✔ | |||
Diverse, not monotonous spaces | ✔ | |||||
● | versatile, compact environment | ✔ | ||||
● | diverse urban and architectural exteriors | ✔ | ||||
Spaces to emphasize and navigate | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
● | indication of directions | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
● | well-recognizable landmarks | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
● | practical and aesthetic environment | ✔ | ||||
Spaces to connect and separate | ✔ | |||||
● | well-separable functional units | ✔ | ||||
Legible, clear, understandable spaces | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
● | consistent information signage system | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
● | capital letters and pictograms | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
● | simple, concise, clear, consistent information | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
● | safe, predictable, accessible physical and social environment | ✔ | ||||
● | functions of places, spaces and buildings are clear | ✔ | ||||
● | the location of the entrance or gate is clear | ✔ | ||||
● | simple, expressive signs with contrasting graphic | ✔ | ||||
Friendly, aesthetic spaces | ✔ | |||||
● | short, gently curved, wide, clear, transparent footpaths | ✔ | ||||
● | calm pedestrian zones and inviting, welcoming open spaces | ✔ | ||||
● | easy-to-use street furniture designed familiar to the elderly | ✔ |
Category | Item | Character-Related Aspects (OS-2) |
---|---|---|
General aspects | universal access to public services | harmony of related design principles |
Walking surface | surface, material, drainage | stabilized pavements |
Park furniture | surface, material, ergonomics | naturalness, nature experience |
bench, table, drinking fountain, litter bin, information board, pavilion, etc. | ||
Bridging structures | stairs | considering the use of tactile signage |
and railing | ramp, slope | on accessible routes |
handrail, traffic-directing structures | on accessible routes | |
Vegetation | plants | naturalness, nature experience |
Info-communication | orientation: contrast in light and color, tactile signage | considering tactile and naturalness |
navigation: direction signage | important | |
information: maps, functions | important | |
communication: audible support | considering nature experience and ecology | |
lighting | considering ecological interest | |
Functional units | approaching, network, buildings | on accessible routes |
streets, squares | hierarchy of pedestrian network | |
pedestrian crossings | at intense, artificial parts | |
car parking | at intense, artificial parts (edges) | |
stops of public transportation | at intense, artificial parts (edges) | |
playgrounds, sport facilities, dog handlers | new element | |
attractions with natural character | new element |
Category | Item | Character-Related Aspects (OS-3) |
---|---|---|
General aspects | universal access to public services | harmony of related design principles |
Walking surface | surface, material, drainage | stabilized pavements if possible |
Park furniture | surface, material, ergonomics | naturalness, nature experience |
bench, table, drinking fountain, litter bin, information board, pavilion, etc. | ||
Bridging structures | stairs | at visitor’s centers |
and railing | ramp, slope | at visitor’s centers |
handrail, traffic-directing structures | on designated accessible loops | |
bridge, wooden path, wooden deck | new element | |
Vegetation | plants | ecology, nature conservation |
Info-communication | orientation: contrast in light and color, tactile signage | at visitor’s centers |
navigation: direction signage | important | |
information: maps, functions | important | |
communication: audible support | at visitor’s centers | |
lighting | on designated accessible loops | |
Functional units | approaching, network, buildings | at visitor’s centers |
streets, squares | loops of different difficulty | |
pedestrian crossings | ||
car parking | at the entrance, outside the site | |
stops of public transportation | at the entrance, outside the site | |
playgrounds, sport facilities | considering ecological interest | |
attractions with natural character | considering ecological interest |
Item | Transport | Recreation | Recreation & Learning | Socio-Cultural Life | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | universal access to public services | physical access | inclusive access | inclusive access | inclusive access |
Paving | surface, material, drainage | physical | physical + sensual | physical + sensual | physical + sensual |
Furniture | surface, material, ergonomics, types | physical | physical + sensual | physical + sensual | physical + sensual |
Bridging structures | stairs | physical + sensual (barrier) | not relevant | not relevant | not relevant |
ramp, slope | physical | not relevant | not relevant | not relevant | |
handrail, traffic-direction | physical | not relevant | not relevant | not relevant | |
bridge, deck | physical | not relevant | not relevant | not relevant | |
Plants | vegetation, plants | physical factor | sensual (natural) factor | aesthetic (natural) factor | aesthetic (natural) factor |
Info-communication | orientation: contrast, TWSI | sensual | sensual | sensual | sensual |
navigation: direction signage | sensual | sensual | sensual | sensual | |
information: maps, functions | sensual | sensual | sensual | sensual | |
communication: audible support | sensual | sensual | sensual | sensual | |
lighting | sensual | sensual | sensual | sensual | |
Functional units | approaching, network, buildings | physical access | inclusive access | inclusive access | inclusive access |
streets, squares | physical access | inclusive access | inclusive access | inclusive access | |
pedestrian crossings | physical + sensory access (barrier) | not relevant | not relevant | not relevant | |
car parking | physical access | not relevant | not relevant | not relevant | |
stops of public transportation | physical access | not relevant | not relevant | not relevant | |
play & sport facilities | not relevant | inclusive access | inclusive access | inclusive access | |
natural attractions | not relevant | inclusive access | inclusive access | inclusive access |
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Level | External Environmental Factor | Motor | Visual | Hearing | Cognit. | Elderly |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Clear pedestrian traffic gauge | ✔ | ✔ | |||
1 | Vertical dimensions, slopes | ✔ | ||||
1 | Clear space for maneuvering | ✔ | ||||
1 | Human dimensions, ergonomics | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
1 | Distances | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ||
2 | Lighting | ✔ | ✔ | |||
2 | Contrast | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
2 | Information via multiple channels | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
3 | Well-organized space composition | ✔ | ✔ | |||
3 | Diverse, not monotonous spaces | ✔ | ||||
3 | Spaces to emphasize and navigate | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
3 | Spaces to connect and separate | ✔ | ||||
3 | Legible, clear, understandable spaces | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | |
3 | Friendly, aesthetic spaces | ✔ |
Category | Item |
---|---|
General aspects | universal access to public services |
Walking surface | surface, material, drainage |
Street furniture | general requirements: surface, material, ergonomics |
bench, table, drinking fountain, litter bin, information board, pavilion, etc. | |
Bridging structures | stairs |
and railing | ramp, slope |
handrail, bollard, traffic-directing structures | |
Vegetation | plants |
Info-communication | orientation: contrast in light and color, tactile signage |
navigation: direction signage | |
information: maps, functions | |
communication: audible support | |
lighting | |
Functional units | general requirements, approaching, network, buildings |
streets, squares | |
pedestrian crossings | |
car parking | |
stops of public transportation |
Item | Public Urban Open Space (OS-1) | Public Urban Green Space (OS-2) | Semi-Natural Landscape (OS-3) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
General aspects | universal access to public services | Completing strategies with ICT tools | Completing strategies with ICT tools and aspects of value protection; Smart Liget platforms: websites, social media, Liget application, Liget newsletter, Smart pay system, Smart car parking, Smart entrance control, Liget Wi-Fi hotspots, Liget Smart spots and Digital Signage spots) | Completing strategies with ICT tools and ecological aspects; Complex Smart Program: websites, social media, application, interactive exhibitions, Visitor center Wi-Fi hotspot, geocaching, Smart stops |
Paving | surface, material, drainage | (TWSI at “orientation” below—audio map) | Curbs and CWSM completing tactile signage—audio map | Curbs replacing tactile signage—audio map |
Furniture | type, surface, material, ergonomics | Smart furniture (solar bench), Digital Signage spots | Interactive information boards on study trails | |
Bridging structures and railing | stairs | Signed with TWSI (TWSI at “orientation” below—audio map) | GPS navigation, Liget application | GPS navigation, audio map, location-related applications |
ramp, slope | ||||
handrail | ||||
bridge, deck | ||||
Plants | vegetation, plants | BP Fatár application (tree cadaster) | website, GPS navigation + tag + application | |
Info-communication | orientation: contrast, TWSI | Audio map | Smart sensory tactile pavement with Smart white cane, audio map | |
navigation: direction signage | GPS navigation, Liget application | GPS navigation, audio map | ||
information: maps, functions | GPS navigation, Liget application, Smart spots, Digital Signage spots | GPS navigation, audio map, interactive tagged information boards | ||
communica-tion: audible support | Audible traffic signals at pedestrian crossings | Liget application | ||
lighting | Smart lighting (reduced during the night) | Smart Liget for sustainability | Smart lighting (according to ecological interest) | |
Functional units | approaching, network, buildings | TWSI to toilets—audio map | Smart Liget | Complex Smart Program/Interactive exhibition |
street, square | Audio map | Smart Liget | Complex Smart Program | |
pedestrian crossing | Audible traffic signals + mobile universal device | Smart Liget | Complex Smart Program | |
car parking | Smart Liget/Smart car parking | Complex Smart Program | ||
stop of public transport | Smart stops, electronic timetable, route info combined with mobility vehicles, application (BKK Futár), Audible traffic information with mobile universal device | Smart stops, electronic timetable, route info combined with mobility vehicles, application (BKK Futár), Audible traffic information + mobile universal device | Complex Smart Program | |
play & sport facilities | Smart Liget | Complex Smart Program | ||
natural attractions | Smart Liget | Complex Smart Program/Interactive study trails |
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Szaszák, G.; Kecskés, T. Universal Open Space Design to Inform Digital Technologies for a Disability-Inclusive Place-Making on the Example of Hungary. Smart Cities 2020, 3, 1293-1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040063
Szaszák G, Kecskés T. Universal Open Space Design to Inform Digital Technologies for a Disability-Inclusive Place-Making on the Example of Hungary. Smart Cities. 2020; 3(4):1293-1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040063
Chicago/Turabian StyleSzaszák, Gabriella, and Tibor Kecskés. 2020. "Universal Open Space Design to Inform Digital Technologies for a Disability-Inclusive Place-Making on the Example of Hungary" Smart Cities 3, no. 4: 1293-1333. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040063