Redefining the Smart City: Culture, Metabolism and Governance
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Smart Cities as a Brand
3. Defining Smart Cities
4. Review of Smart City Frameworks
5. Dichotomy between Bringing Smart Technology to Old Cities or Building New Cities: A Case Study from Mauritius Smart Cities
6. Creating a Smart City Framework
6.1. Culture
6.2. Metabolism
6.3. Governance
7. Urban Economy and Smart Cities
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author(s) | Definition |
---|---|
Giffinger, et al. [42] | “A city well performing in a forward-looking way in economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living, built on the smart combination of endowments and activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.” |
Hollands [34] | “A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructures, including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways, airports, seaports, communications, water, power, even major buildings, can better optimize its resources, plan its preventive maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects while maximizing services to its citizens.” |
Harrison, Eckman, Hamilton, Hartswick, Kalagnanam, Paraszczak and Williams [13] | A city “connecting the physical infrastructure, the IT infrastructure, the social infrastructure, and the business infrastructure to leverage the collective intelligence of the city” |
Natural Resources Defense Council [43] | “A city striving to make itself “smarter” (more efficient, sustainable, equitable, and livable)” |
Toppeta [14] | A city “combining ICT and Web 2.0 technology with other organizational, design and planning efforts to dematerialize and speed up bureaucratic processes and help to identify new, innovative solutions to city management complexity, in order to improve sustainability and livability.” |
Washburn, Sindhu, Balaouras, Dines, Hayes and Nelson [21] | “The use of Smart Computing technologies to make the critical infrastructure components and services of a city—which include city administration, education, healthcare, public safety, real estate, transportation, and utilities—more intelligent, interconnected, and efficient” |
Setis-Eu (Cited in Cocchia [41]) | “Smart City is a city in which it can combine technologies as diverse as water recycling, advanced energy grids, and mobile communications in order to reduce environmental impact and to offer its citizens better lives” |
Dameri [44] | “A Smart City is a well-defined geographical area, in which high technologies such as ICT, logistic, energy production, and so on, cooperate to create benefits for citizens in terms of well-being, inclusion and participation, environmental quality, intelligent development; it is governed by a well-defined pool of subjects, able to state the rules and policy for the city government and development” |
Northstream [15] | “Concept of a Smart City where citizens, objects, utilities, etc., connect in a seamless manner using ubiquitous technologies, so as to significantly enhance the living experience in 21st century urban environments” |
Hall, et al. [45] | “A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructures, including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways, airports, seaports, communications, water, power, even major buildings, can better optimize its resources, plan its preventive maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects while maximizing services to its citizens” |
Su, et al. [46] | “Smart City is the product of Digital City combined with the Internet of Things” |
IBM [47] | “Smart City is defined by IBM as the use of information and communication technology to sense, analyze and integrate the key information of core systems in running cities” |
California institute (2001 cited in Cocchia, (2014 #287)) | “A smart community is a community that has made a conscious effort to use information technology to transform life and work within its region in significant and fundamental rather than incremental ways” |
Indicator | Petrolo, et al. [51] | Nam and Pardo [10] | Chourabi, Nam, Walker, Gil-Garcia, Mellouli, Nahon, Pardo and Scholl [40] | Washburn, Sindhu, Balaouras, Dines, Hayes and Nelson [21] | Dameri [44] | Neirotti, De Marco, Cagliano, Mangano and Scorrano [48] | Balakrishna [52] | Mosannenzadeh and Vettorato [53] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smart Governance | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
Smart People | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Smart Economy | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Smart Living/Livability | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Smart Environment | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Smart Mobility | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Smart Infrastructure | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Smart Education | X | X | ||||||
Smart Healthcare | X | X | ||||||
Public safety | X | X | ||||||
Culture | X |
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Allam, Z.; Newman, P. Redefining the Smart City: Culture, Metabolism and Governance. Smart Cities 2018, 1, 4-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities1010002
Allam Z, Newman P. Redefining the Smart City: Culture, Metabolism and Governance. Smart Cities. 2018; 1(1):4-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities1010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleAllam, Zaheer, and Peter Newman. 2018. "Redefining the Smart City: Culture, Metabolism and Governance" Smart Cities 1, no. 1: 4-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities1010002
APA StyleAllam, Z., & Newman, P. (2018). Redefining the Smart City: Culture, Metabolism and Governance. Smart Cities, 1(1), 4-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities1010002