The Effectiveness of Blue-Light-Emitting Glasses in Security Guards Exposed to Night Shift Work on Work-Related and General Fatigue: A Randomised Controlled Cross-Over Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Participants and Missing Data
2.2. Outcomes
2.3. Adherence to Intervention Protocol
2.4. Experiences of the Study Participants
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Population
4.2. Design and Research Protocol
4.3. Light Emitting Glasses Protocol
4.4. Measurements
4.5. Sample Size Calculation
4.6. Data Analysis
4.7. Handling of (Missing) Data
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total Group | G1 | G2 | p Value G1–G2 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participants (N) | 87 | 45 | 42 | |
Sex (%): | ||||
Male | 82 (94%) | 42 (93%) | 40 (95%) | |
Female | 5 (6%) | 3 (7%) | 2 (5%) | |
Age groups (N, %) | ||||
21–30 years | 10 (12%) | 3 (7%) | 7 (17%) | |
31–40 | 40 (46%) | 23 (51%) | 17 (40%) | |
41–50 | 27 (31%) | 13 (29%) | 14 (33%) | |
51–60 Mean (SD) | 10 (11%) 39.6 (8.1) | 6 (13%) 40.0 (8.0) | 4 (10%) 39.2 (8.3) | 0.705 |
Number of years in service: | ||||
1–9 years (N, %) | 20 (23%) | 8 (18%) | 12 (29%) | |
10–19 | 44 (51%) | 25 (56%) | 19 (45%) | |
20–29 | 16 (18%) | 7 (16%) | 9 (21%) | |
30–38 Mean (SD) | 7 (8%) 15.3 (8.7) | 5 (11%) 16.3 (8.8) | 2 (5%) 14.2 (8.6) | 0.986 |
Use of sleep medicine (N, %) | ||||
Prescribed by GP | 8 (9%) | 4 (9%) | 4 (10%) | |
Other (e.g., melatonin) | 10 (12%) | 6 (13%) | 4 (10%) | |
Chronotype (N, %) | ||||
Clearly morning type | 13 (15%) | 5 (11%) | 8 (19%) | |
More morning than evening type | 20 (23%) | 13 (29%) | 7 (17%) | |
More evening than morning type | 23 (26%) | 12 (27%) | 11 (26%) | |
Clearly evening type | 31 (36%) | 15 (33%) | 16 (38%) | |
Outcomes (mean, SD): | ||||
NFRS | 27.6 (23.7) | 22.2 (19.5) | 33.5 (26.3) | 0.044 |
CIS | 59.2 (20.9) | 57.5 (19.1) | 60.6 (22.9) | 0.129 |
G1 | NFRS | CIS | Stress Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
T0 | 22.2 | 19.5 | 57.5 | 19.1 | - | - |
T5 | 21.2 | 22.1 | 57.4 | 19.0 | 30.5 | 8.9 |
T11 | 21.0 | 24.2 | 56.5 | 20.7 | 34.3 | 10.5 |
G2 | NFRS | CIS | Stress Level | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
T0 | 33.5 | 26.3 | 60.6 | 22.9 | - | - |
T5 | 32.2 | 28.2 | 56.4 | 24.8 | 32.9 | 15.8 |
T11 | 30.4 | 31.2 | 55.9 | 24.7 | 33.9 | 9.9 |
NFRS | CIS | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
F | p Value | F | p Value | |
Time | 0.662 | 0.517 | 3.058 | 0.050 |
Intervention sequence | 4.409 | 0.039 | 0.005 | 0.943 |
Time * Intervention sequence | 0.246 | 0.783 | 2.223 | 0.111 |
Day Week | Monday | Tuesday | Wednesday | Thursday | Friday | Saturday | Sunday |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | D | D | E | E | E | − | − |
2 | − | − | D | D | N | WN | WN |
3 | − | − | PST | PST | D | ||
4 | N | N | − | − | − | WD | WD |
5 | E | E | N | N | − | − | − |
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Helmhout, P.H.; Timmerman, S.; van Drongelen, A.; Bakker, E.W.P. The Effectiveness of Blue-Light-Emitting Glasses in Security Guards Exposed to Night Shift Work on Work-Related and General Fatigue: A Randomised Controlled Cross-Over Study. Clocks & Sleep 2022, 4, 675-687. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4040051
Helmhout PH, Timmerman S, van Drongelen A, Bakker EWP. The Effectiveness of Blue-Light-Emitting Glasses in Security Guards Exposed to Night Shift Work on Work-Related and General Fatigue: A Randomised Controlled Cross-Over Study. Clocks & Sleep. 2022; 4(4):675-687. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4040051
Chicago/Turabian StyleHelmhout, Pieter H., Stella Timmerman, Alwin van Drongelen, and Eric W. P. Bakker. 2022. "The Effectiveness of Blue-Light-Emitting Glasses in Security Guards Exposed to Night Shift Work on Work-Related and General Fatigue: A Randomised Controlled Cross-Over Study" Clocks & Sleep 4, no. 4: 675-687. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4040051
APA StyleHelmhout, P. H., Timmerman, S., van Drongelen, A., & Bakker, E. W. P. (2022). The Effectiveness of Blue-Light-Emitting Glasses in Security Guards Exposed to Night Shift Work on Work-Related and General Fatigue: A Randomised Controlled Cross-Over Study. Clocks & Sleep, 4(4), 675-687. https://doi.org/10.3390/clockssleep4040051