Correlations of Soil Fungi, Soil Structure and Tree Vigour on an Apple Orchard with Replant Soil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Test Site and Sampling Design
2.2. Measurement of Tree Vigour
2.3. Soil Sampling
2.4. Size Fractionation of Soil
2.5. Fractionation of Aggregate-Stability Classes
2.5.1. Calibration of the Ultrasonication Device
2.5.2. Dispersive Treatment
2.6. Quantification of Soil Fungal Densities
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Soil Fungal Densities in No-Replant Soil and Replant Soil
3.2. Aggregation Level in No-Replant and Replant Soil
3.3. Aggregate-Stability of No-Replant and Replant Soil
3.4. Correlations between Soil Fungi and Structural Parameters
3.5. Correlation between Tree Vigour (CSA), Soil Fungi and Soil Structure
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sieve-Fraction (µm) | Soil | March | April | June | August | October | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MW | SD | MW | SD | MW | SD | MW | SD | MW | SD | ||
2000–6300 | nr | 45.15 | 1.28 | 22.34 | 3.42 | 18.86 | 5.86 | 33.28 | 4.19 | 38.58 | 6.53 |
r | 35.93 | 7.14 | 22.39 | 4.82 | 22.92 | 5.96 | 21.24 *** | 3.52 | 31.89 | 6.78 | |
1000–2000 | nr | 11.46 | 4.88 | 13.64 | 1.45 | 10.96 | 2.04 | 13.86 | 1.02 | 8.34 | 3.14 |
r | 8.57 | 1.05 | 14.84 | 2.73 | 14.54 | 2.53 | 13.31 | 1.13 | 12.70 * | 2.88 | |
500–1000 | nr | 6.56 | 2.76 | 15.44 | 1.70 | 12.09 | 0.85 | 9.47 | 2.05 | 6.81 | 2.08 |
r | 7.13 | 0.59 | 15.81 | 1.08 | 13.84 | 2.72 | 14.57 *** | 1.64 | 11.06 * | 2.99 | |
250–500 | nr | 7.98 | 7.24 | 15.85 | 0.46 | 14.97 | 0.88 | 10.57 | 1.93 | 6.81 | 0.71 |
r | 11.38 | 1.51 | 14.85 | 2.34 | 13.61 | 3.48 | 15.16 *** | 1.34 | 10.90 | 2.18 | |
125–250 | nr | 13.71 | 7.71 | 18.16 | 2.34 | 23.24 | 4.42 | 16.24 | 1.25 | 18.21 | 0.67 |
r | 17.88 | 3.35 | 17.54 | 3.23 | 18.97 | 3.20 | 20.89 ** | 2.02 | 17.68 | 1.24 | |
≤125 | nr | 15.14 | 7.83 | 14.56 | 1.98 | 19.88 | 3.83 | 16.59 | 2.78 | 18.83 | 2.90 |
r | 19.11 | 3.26 | 14.58 | 2.54 | 16.12 | 1.85 | 14.83 | 1.20 | 15.77 * | 1.73 |
Aggregate-Stability Class | Soil | 125–250 µm | 250–500 µm | 500–1000 µm | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MW | SD | % | MW | SD | % | MW | SD | % | ||
WL | nr | 42 | 17 | 1 | 280 | 84 | 12 | 711 | 200 | 24 |
r | 58 | 14 | 2 | 279 | 60 | 9 | 693 | 140 | 23 | |
WS ≤ 50 J mL−1 | nr | 405 | 100 | 14 | 892 | 139 | 31 | 1203 | 224 | 40 |
r | 679 *** | 81 | 23 | 1235 *** | 75 | 41 | 1369 | 122 | 46 | |
WS ≤ 100 J mL−1 | nr | 58 | 25 | 2 | 183 | 82 | 6 | 71 | 23 | 2 |
r | 79 | 25 | 3 | 132 | 57 | 4 | 65 | 16 | 2 | |
WS > 100 J mL−1 | nr | 2494 | 95 | 83 | 1645 | 248 | 51 | 1015 | 146 | 34 |
r | 2184 *** | 90 | 73 | 1355 * | 82 | 45 | 873 * | 30 | 29 |
Soil Structure Parameter | Fungal Parameter | March | April | June | August | October | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MWD | Ag/ITS | −0.442 | −0.527 | −0.147 | −0.790 ** | (R2 = 0.674) | 0.238 |
Ag | −0.624 | −0.482 | −0.154 | −0.895 *** | (R2 = 0.825) | 0.102 | |
ITS | −0.055 | −0.082 | 0.154 | −0.671 * | (R2 = 0.570) | −0.140 | |
2000–6300 µm | Ag/ITS | −0.527 | −0.564 | −0.049 | −0.846 | 0.294 | |
Ag | −0.685 * (R2 = 0.215) | −0.500 | −0.140 | −0.951 ** | (R2 = 0.827) | 0.137 | |
ITS | −0.079 | −0.100 | 0.084 | −0.629 * | (R2 = 0.562) | −0.133 | |
1000–2000 µm | Ag/ITS | −0.336 | −0.136 | −0.294 | −0.280 | −0.483 | |
Ag | −0.445 | −0.227 | −0.217 | −0.399 | −0.238 | ||
ITS | 0.045 | −0.327 | 0.154 | −0.399 | 0.119 | ||
500–1000 µm | Ag/ITS | −0.527 | −0.564 | −0.049 | −0.846 ** | (R2 = 0.554) | 0.294 |
Ag | 0.309 | −0.245 | 0.021 | 0.650 * | (R2 = 0.675) | −0.294 | |
ITS | 0.027 | −0.464 | 0.259 | 0.545 | 0.056 | ||
250–500 µm | Ag/ITS | 0.482 | 0.182 | −0.133 | 0.664 * | (R2 = 0.598) | −0.385 |
Ag | 0.700 * (R2 = 0.021) | 0.191 | 0.021 | 0.797 ** | (R2 = 0.809) | −0.371 | |
ITS | 0.264 | 0.055 | −0.007 | 0.762 ** | (R2 = 0.688) | −0.189 | |
125–250 µm | Ag/ITS | 0.418 | 0.391 | 0.413 | 0.804 ** | (R2 = 0.635) | 0.154 |
Ag | 0.564 | 0.373 | 0.308 | 0.867 ** | (R2 = 0.745) | 0.186 | |
ITS | −0.036 | 0.227 | −0.203 | 0.605 * | (R2 = 0.466) | 0.168 | |
≤125 µm | Ag/ITS | 0.427 | 0.409 | 0.476 | −0.063 | 0.552 | |
Ag | 0.664 * (R2 = 0.007) | 0.427 | 0.301 | −0.126 | 0.406 | ||
ITS | 0.182 | 0.227 | −0.196 | −0.399 | 0.315 |
Soil 1 | March | April | June | August | October | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag/ITS | nr + r | −0.109 | −0.392 | 0.332 | −0.818 ** (R2 = 0.77) | 0.574 |
r | −0.059 | −0.228 | 0.197 | −0.679 | 0.418 | |
Ag | nr + r | −0.273 | −0.469 | 0.056 | −0.782 ** (R2 = 0.70) | 0.420 |
r | −0.301 | −0.287 | 0.192 | −0.429 | 0.117 | |
ITS | nr + r | 0.118 | −0.255 | −0.242 | −0.370 | −0.018 |
r | −0.059 | −0.431 | 0.084 | 0.679 | −0.059 | |
MWD | nr + r | 0.483 | −0.027 | 0.021 | 0.595 | 0.266 |
r | 0.151 | −0.156 | 0.360 | 0.084 | −0.033 | |
2000–6300 µm | nr + r | 0.452 | 0.000 | 0.109 | 0.687 *(R2 = 0.51) | 0.308 |
r | 0.101 | −0.024 | 0.460 | 0.268 | −0.117 | |
1000–2000 µm | nr + r | 0.487 | −0.328 | −0.186 | 0.039 | −0.447 |
r | 0.426 | −0.359 | 0.209 | −0.218 | 0.004 | |
500–1000 µm | nr + r | 0.494 | −0.169 | −0.613 | −0.716 ** (R2 = 0.55) | −0.550 |
r | 0.445 | −0.539 | −0.747 | −0.387 | −0.226 | |
250–500 µm | nr + r | −0.158 | 0.200 | −0.137 | −0.712 ** (R2 = 0.62) | −0.343 |
r | −0.244 | −0.156 | −0.510 | −0.328 | −0.076 | |
125–250 µm | nr + r | −0.095 | 0.173 | 0.161 | −0.487 | 0.028 |
r | −0.177 | 0.252 | −0.134 | 0.109 | −0.259 | |
≤125 µm | nr + r | −0.126 | 0.183 | 0.483 | 0.106 | 0.441 |
r | −0.226 | 0.383 | 0.351 | 0.029 | 0.276 |
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Cavael, U.; Tost, P.; Diehl, K.; Büks, F.; Lentzsch, P. Correlations of Soil Fungi, Soil Structure and Tree Vigour on an Apple Orchard with Replant Soil. Soil Syst. 2020, 4, 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040070
Cavael U, Tost P, Diehl K, Büks F, Lentzsch P. Correlations of Soil Fungi, Soil Structure and Tree Vigour on an Apple Orchard with Replant Soil. Soil Systems. 2020; 4(4):70. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040070
Chicago/Turabian StyleCavael, Ulrike, Philipp Tost, Katharina Diehl, Frederick Büks, and Peter Lentzsch. 2020. "Correlations of Soil Fungi, Soil Structure and Tree Vigour on an Apple Orchard with Replant Soil" Soil Systems 4, no. 4: 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4040070