Influence of Tillage Practices, Organic Manures and Extrinsic Factors on β-Glucosidase Activity: The Final Step of Cellulose Hydrolysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Site and Experiments
2.2. Measured Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. β-Glucosidase Activity under Grass-Reference Soil and Relationships with Meteorological Data
3.2. Tillage and Organic Residue Experiments
4. Discussion
4.1. Temporal Variability of β-Glucosidase Activity and Rainfall
4.2. Tillage and Organic Treatments
4.3. Response Ratio for Comparing Samples Taken in Different Seasons
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Factors in Each Experiment | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Tillage Experiment | Organic Experiment | Grass-Reference | ||
Zero (control) | (T0) | Control | (O0) | Grass-reference |
Minimum | (T1) | Slurry | (O1) | |
Conventional | (T2) | Compost | (O2) | |
Deep | (T3) | |||
Study variables in all experiments | ||||
Soil Organic Matter content (SOM) | ||||
Electric Conductivity (EC) | ||||
pH | ||||
Dispersion ratio | ||||
Percentage of water stable aggregates | ||||
β-glucosidase activity (BGa) | ||||
Response ratio of β-glucosidase activity (BGa-ratio) | ||||
Weather variables (air and soil temperature *, solar radiation * and precipitation) |
Treatment | Depth | SOM | EC | pH1:2.5 | Dispersion Ratio | Water Stable | 1st BGa-Ratio * | 2nd BGa-Ratio * | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(cm) | (%) | (µS cm−1) | Aggregates (%) | (%) | (%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
T0 (zero) | 0–5 | 5.14 | ± | 0.29 | a† | 173 | ± | 16 | a | 5.42 | ± | 0.07 | c | 6.90 | ± | 0.91 | a | 98.8 | ± | 0.5 | a | 100.0 | ± | 5.9 | a A § | 100.0 | ± | 3.5 | a A |
T1 (minimum) | 0–5 | 4.58 | ± | 0.29 | ab | 143 | ± | 16 | ab | 5.79 | ± | 0.07 | b | 7.47 | ± | 0.91 | a | 99.4 | ± | 0.5 | a | 93.8 | ± | 5.9 | a A | 105.0 | ± | 3.5 | a A |
T2 (conventional) | 0–5 | 3.83 | ± | 0.29 | c | 103 | ± | 16 | b | 6.11 | ± | 0.07 | a | 4.60 | ± | 0.91 | ab | 94.1 | ± | 0.5 | b | 64.1 | ± | 5.9 | b A | 63.5 | ± | 3.5 | b A |
T3 (deep) | 0–5 | 3.94 | ± | 0.29 | bc | 98 | ± | 16 | b | 6.18 | ± | 0.07 | a | 2.55 | ± | 0.91 | c | 95.4 | ± | 0.5 | b | 58.3 | ± | 5.9 | b A | 70.8 | ± | 3.5 | b A |
O0 (control) | 0–5 | 4.52 | ± | 0.50 | b | 222 | ± | 59 | b | 5.84 | ± | 0.25 | b | 7.51 | ± | 0.47 | a | 94.2 | ± | 0.5 | b | 100.0 | ± | 4.7 | b A | 100.0 | ± | 4.8 | ab A |
O1 (slurry) | 0–5 | 5.24 | ± | 0.50 | b | 276 | ± | 59 | b | 5.85 | ± | 0.25 | b | 9.41 | ± | 0.47 | a | 94.8 | ± | 0.5 | b | 122.0 | ± | 4.7 | a A | 113.8 | ± | 4.8 | a A |
O2 (compost) | 0–5 | 15.18 | ± | 0.50 | a | 896 | ± | 59 | a | 6.74 | ± | 0.25 | a | 4.78 | ± | 0.47 | b | 96.9 | ± | 0.5 | a | 97.7 | ± | 4.7 | b A | 90.0 | ± | 4.8 | b A |
Grass-reference | 0–5 | 4.56 | ± | 0.20 | 243 | ± | 23 | 6.00 | ± | 0.01 | 7.83 | ± | 5.12 | 99.4 | ± | 0.5 | N/A | N/A | |||||||||||
T0 (zero) | 10–15 | 4.08 | ± | 0.10 | a | 98 | ± | 6 | a | 6.13 | ± | 0.02 | b | 7.09 | ± | 1.30 | a | 96.1 | ± | 1.1 | ab | 100.0 | ± | 13.9 | a A | 100.0 | ± | 4.6 | a A |
T1 (minimum) | 10–15 | 4.03 | ± | 0.10 | a | 92 | ± | 6 | a | 6.07 | ± | 0.02 | b | 10.40 | ± | 1.30 | a | 96.2 | ± | 1.1 | a | 55.5 | ± | 13.9 | a A | 113.4 | ± | 4.6 | a A |
T2 (conventional) | 10–15 | 3.90 | ± | 0.10 | a | 84 | ± | 6 | a | 6.23 | ± | 0.02 | a | 8.53 | ± | 1.30 | a | 92.7 | ± | 1.1 | b | 83.3 | ± | 13.9 | a A | 104.7 | ± | 4.6 | a A |
T3 (deep) | 10–15 | 3.87 | ± | 0.10 | a | 78 | ± | 6 | a | 6.26 | ± | 0.02 | a | 9.33 | ± | 1.30 | a | 93.0 | ± | 1.1 | ab | 75.0 | ± | 13.9 | a B | 104.0 | ± | 4.6 | a A |
O0 (control) | 10–15 | 4.42 | ± | 0.77 | b | 133 | ± | 38 | b | 5.85 | ± | 0.07 | b | 6.96 | ± | 0.62 | b | 94.8 | ± | 1.4 | b | 100.0 | ± | 2.5 | b A | 100.0 | ± | 9.7 | a A |
O1 (slurry) | 10–15 | 4.62 | ± | 0.77 | b | 139 | ± | 38 | b | 5.98 | ± | 0.07 | b | 12.77 | ± | 0.62 | a | 93.3 | ± | 1.4 | b | 91.3 | ± | 2.5 | c A | 106.1 | ± | 9.7 | a A |
O2 (compost) | 10–15 | 10.86 | ± | 0.77 | a | 470 | ± | 38 | a | 6.99 | ± | 0.07 | a | 8.48 | ± | 0.62 | b | 97.8 | ± | 1.4 | a | 115.4 | ± | 2.5 | a A | 107.4 | ± | 9.7 | a A |
Grass-reference | 10–15 | 4.26 | ± | 0.11 | 439 | ± | 66 | 6.25 | ± | 0.04 | 9.81 | ± | 3.21 | 94.8 | ± | 0.8 | N/A | N/A |
(a) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EC | pH | Dispersion Ratio | WSA % | BGa | BGa-Ratio | |
SOM % | 0.90 ** | −0.80 ** | 0.66 * | 0.69 * | 0.82 ** | 0.68 * |
EC | −0.90 ** | 0.64 * | 0.60 * | 0.85 ** | 0.75 * | |
pH | −0.64 * | −0.60 * | −0.81 ** | −0.68 * | ||
Dispersion Ratio | 0.67 * | 0.56 | 0.59 | |||
WSA % | 0.77 * | 0.79 ** | ||||
BGa | 0.91 ** | |||||
(b) | ||||||
SOM % | 0.80 * | 0.57 | −0.60 | 0.94 ** | −0.43 | −0.76 * |
EC | 0.47 | −0.60 | 0.90 * | −0.22 | −0.61− | |
pH | −0.37 | 0.56 | −0.32 | −0.56− | ||
Dispersion Ratio | −0.64 | 0.67 | 0.92 * | |||
WSA % | −0.24 | −0.71 * | ||||
BGa | 0.76 * |
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Mariscal-Sancho, I.; Ball, B.; McKenzie, B. Influence of Tillage Practices, Organic Manures and Extrinsic Factors on β-Glucosidase Activity: The Final Step of Cellulose Hydrolysis. Soil Syst. 2018, 2, 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2020021
Mariscal-Sancho I, Ball B, McKenzie B. Influence of Tillage Practices, Organic Manures and Extrinsic Factors on β-Glucosidase Activity: The Final Step of Cellulose Hydrolysis. Soil Systems. 2018; 2(2):21. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2020021
Chicago/Turabian StyleMariscal-Sancho, Ignacio, Bruce Ball, and Blair McKenzie. 2018. "Influence of Tillage Practices, Organic Manures and Extrinsic Factors on β-Glucosidase Activity: The Final Step of Cellulose Hydrolysis" Soil Systems 2, no. 2: 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2020021