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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

A Scintillation Hodoscope for Measuring the Flux of Cosmic Ray Muons at the Tien Shan High Mountain Station

by
Alexander Shepetov
1,*,
Aliya Baktoraz
2,3,
Orazaly Kalikulov
2,
Svetlana Mamina
1,
Yerzhan Mukhamejanov
2,3,4,
Kanat Mukashev
5,
Vladimir Ryabov
1,
Nurzhan Saduyev
2,
Turlan Sadykov
6,
Saken Shinbulatov
2,3,
Tairzhan Skokbayev
2,
Ivan Sopko
3,
Shynbolat Utey
2,3,
Ludmila Vildanova
1,
Nurzhan Yerezhep
2,3 and
Valery Zhukov
1
1
P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS (LPI), Leninsky Ave., 53, Moscow 119991, Russia
2
Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1 Ibragimov St., Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
3
Faculty of Physics and Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
4
Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 6 Joliot-Curie St., Dubna 141980, Russia
5
Institute of Communication and Space Engineering, G. Daukeyev Almaty University of Power Engineering and Telecommunications, 126/1 Baytursynuli St., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
6
Institute of Physics and Technology, Satbayev University, 22a Satbayev St., Almaty 050013, Kazakhstan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Particles 2025, 8(3), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8030073 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 22 June 2025 / Revised: 23 July 2025 / Accepted: 29 July 2025 / Published: 4 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Experimental Physics and Instrumentation)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

For further investigation of the properties of the muon component in the core regions of extensive air showers (EASs), a new underground hodoscopic set-up with a total sensitive area of 22 m2 was built at the Tien Shan High Mountain Cosmic Ray Station. The hodoscope is based on a set of large-sized scintillation charged particle detectors with an output signal of analog type. The installation ensures a (5–8) GeV energy threshold of muon registration and a ∼104 dynamic range for the measurement of the density of muon flux. A program facility was designed that uses modern machine learning techniques for automated search for the typical scintillation pulse pattern in an oscillogram of a noisy analog signal at the output of the hodoscope detector. The program provides a ∼99% detection probability of useful signals, with a relative share of false positives below 1%, and has a sufficient operation speed for real-time analysis of incoming data. Complete verification of the hardware and software tools was performed under realistic operation conditions, and the results obtained demonstrate the correctness of the proposed method and its practical applicability to the investigation of the muon flux in EASs. In the course of the installation testing, a preliminary physical result was obtained concerning the rise of the multiplicity of muon particles around an EAS core in dependence on the primary EAS energy.
Keywords: cosmic ray muons; extensive air showers; EAS; muon hodoscope; machine learning cosmic ray muons; extensive air showers; EAS; muon hodoscope; machine learning

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shepetov, A.; Baktoraz, A.; Kalikulov, O.; Mamina, S.; Mukhamejanov, Y.; Mukashev, K.; Ryabov, V.; Saduyev, N.; Sadykov, T.; Shinbulatov, S.; et al. A Scintillation Hodoscope for Measuring the Flux of Cosmic Ray Muons at the Tien Shan High Mountain Station. Particles 2025, 8, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8030073

AMA Style

Shepetov A, Baktoraz A, Kalikulov O, Mamina S, Mukhamejanov Y, Mukashev K, Ryabov V, Saduyev N, Sadykov T, Shinbulatov S, et al. A Scintillation Hodoscope for Measuring the Flux of Cosmic Ray Muons at the Tien Shan High Mountain Station. Particles. 2025; 8(3):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8030073

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shepetov, Alexander, Aliya Baktoraz, Orazaly Kalikulov, Svetlana Mamina, Yerzhan Mukhamejanov, Kanat Mukashev, Vladimir Ryabov, Nurzhan Saduyev, Turlan Sadykov, Saken Shinbulatov, and et al. 2025. "A Scintillation Hodoscope for Measuring the Flux of Cosmic Ray Muons at the Tien Shan High Mountain Station" Particles 8, no. 3: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8030073

APA Style

Shepetov, A., Baktoraz, A., Kalikulov, O., Mamina, S., Mukhamejanov, Y., Mukashev, K., Ryabov, V., Saduyev, N., Sadykov, T., Shinbulatov, S., Skokbayev, T., Sopko, I., Utey, S., Vildanova, L., Yerezhep, N., & Zhukov, V. (2025). A Scintillation Hodoscope for Measuring the Flux of Cosmic Ray Muons at the Tien Shan High Mountain Station. Particles, 8(3), 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/particles8030073

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