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Volume 9
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Coupled Effects of Wind and Slope on Critical Fire Behaviors of Cables in Inclined Tunnels

by
Yutao Zhang
1,
Linjia Wang
1,*,
Rui Liu
2,
Yuanbo Zhang
1,
Hang Song
1,
Qiang Guo
1,
Jing Bian
3 and
Haochen Li
1
1
School of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi’an University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710054, China
2
Shaanxi Yulin Energy Group Guojiatan Mining Co., Ltd., Yulin 719000, China
3
Shennan Industrial Development Co., Ltd. of Shaanxi Coal and Chemical Industry Group, Shenmu 719300, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Fire 2026, 9(7), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9070277
Submission received: 13 May 2026 / Revised: 26 June 2026 / Accepted: 1 July 2026 / Published: 3 July 2026
Versions Notes

Abstract

To systematically examine the effects of ambient wind speed on the fire behavior of inclined tunnel cables, this paper determines the combustion characteristics of ZR-RVV cable combustion parameters using synchronous thermal analysis and cone calorimetry. A 1:20 scaled tunnel platform was established based on Froude similarity criterion to conduct combustion experiments under varying wind speeds (0–0.7 m/s) and inclination angles (−30°–30°). Results indicate the ignition time of the cable decreases gradually with increasing external heating radiation intensity (25–50 kW/m2), with ignition at 295.1 °C. A modified Richardson number (Ri*) is introduced to quantitatively identify the dominant flow regime. It is confirmed that when |θ| ≈ 20°, Ri* ≈ 1, and the fire behavior transitions from “domination” (Ri* < 0.5) to “buoyancy-driven stack effect domination” (Ri* > 2). This critical inclination angle provides decisive guidance for fire source localization, smoke control, and exhaust design. Increasing ambient wind speed significantly reduces the fire temperature and dilutes the smoke; at a wind speed of 0.7 m/s, the maximum temperature drop at the ceiling monitoring point reaches 67%, while CO/CO2 concentrations decrease correspondingly. The findings provide a theoretical basis for smoke exhaust design and fire monitoring in tunnel fire protection.
Keywords: inclined tunnel fire; ambient wind speed; cable fire; combustion characteristics; Richardson number inclined tunnel fire; ambient wind speed; cable fire; combustion characteristics; Richardson number

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Zhang, Y.; Wang, L.; Liu, R.; Zhang, Y.; Song, H.; Guo, Q.; Bian, J.; Li, H. Coupled Effects of Wind and Slope on Critical Fire Behaviors of Cables in Inclined Tunnels. Fire 2026, 9, 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9070277

AMA Style

Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu R, Zhang Y, Song H, Guo Q, Bian J, Li H. Coupled Effects of Wind and Slope on Critical Fire Behaviors of Cables in Inclined Tunnels. Fire. 2026; 9(7):277. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9070277

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhang, Yutao, Linjia Wang, Rui Liu, Yuanbo Zhang, Hang Song, Qiang Guo, Jing Bian, and Haochen Li. 2026. "Coupled Effects of Wind and Slope on Critical Fire Behaviors of Cables in Inclined Tunnels" Fire 9, no. 7: 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9070277

APA Style

Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Liu, R., Zhang, Y., Song, H., Guo, Q., Bian, J., & Li, H. (2026). Coupled Effects of Wind and Slope on Critical Fire Behaviors of Cables in Inclined Tunnels. Fire, 9(7), 277. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire9070277

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