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Volume 9
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Article

Design of a Chemical-Reaction Ceramic Paste, from Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag and Potassium Hydrophosphate, for Applications in Monolithic Objects

by
Carlos Andres Cardenas Balaguera
1,
Andres Felipe Rubiano-Navarrete
2,*,
Pilar Astrid Ramos Casas
3 and
Lina Paola Espitia López
4
1
Grupo de Investigación INTERFAZ, Facultad de Ingenierias Fisicomecanicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander UIS, Carrera 27 #09 Ciudad Universitaria; Bucaramanga 680001, Colombia
2
Grupo de Investigación en Diseño, Innovación y Asistencia Técnica de Materiales Avanzados-DITMAV, Doctorado en Ingeniería y Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia—UPTC, Tunja 150003, Colombia
3
Grupo de Investigación en Diseño, Innovación y Asistencia Técnica de Materiales Avanzados-DITMAV, Maestria en Metalurgia y Ciencia de los Materiales, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Tunja 150003, Colombia
4
Grupo de Investigación en Diseño, Innovación y Asistencia Técnica de Materiales Avanzados-DITMAV, Doctorado en Administración para la Sostenibilidad, Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia UPTC, Tunja 150003, Colombia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Ceramics 2026, 9(4), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9040036
Submission received: 12 September 2025 / Revised: 1 March 2026 / Accepted: 3 March 2026 / Published: 24 March 2026
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Abstract

The research focuses on the development of chemically bonded phosphate ceramics using potassium hydrophosphate and steel slag (EAF) as raw materials. The objective is to scale up the laboratory results to design a ceramic paste suitable for architectural monolithic products, promoting the recycling of EAF steel slag. The methodology includes field visits, grinding and sieving of raw materials, and the fabrication of specimens following ASTM standards. The laboratory results from existing studies on multiphase phosphate cements from steel slags indicate that exothermic reactions and the increase in reactants can affect process scaling. Furthermore, shaping methods such as casting and pressing are evaluated, where pressing proves to be the most suitable for this type of phosphate cement as it increases the material’s mechanical properties (compressive strength), reduces porosity, and generates a greater utilization of the EAF steel slag residue. Taking into account Colombian technical standards regarding the minimum compressive strength that a monolithic architectural object must withstand for structural and non-structural use, the results obtained in this research allow us to conclude that this material can indeed be used for architectural purposes.
Keywords: compressive strength; electric arc furnace slag; phosphate ceramics; potassium dihydrogen phosphate; sustainable materials compressive strength; electric arc furnace slag; phosphate ceramics; potassium dihydrogen phosphate; sustainable materials

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MDPI and ACS Style

Cardenas Balaguera, C.A.; Rubiano-Navarrete, A.F.; Ramos Casas, P.A.; Espitia López, L.P. Design of a Chemical-Reaction Ceramic Paste, from Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag and Potassium Hydrophosphate, for Applications in Monolithic Objects. Ceramics 2026, 9, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9040036

AMA Style

Cardenas Balaguera CA, Rubiano-Navarrete AF, Ramos Casas PA, Espitia López LP. Design of a Chemical-Reaction Ceramic Paste, from Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag and Potassium Hydrophosphate, for Applications in Monolithic Objects. Ceramics. 2026; 9(4):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9040036

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cardenas Balaguera, Carlos Andres, Andres Felipe Rubiano-Navarrete, Pilar Astrid Ramos Casas, and Lina Paola Espitia López. 2026. "Design of a Chemical-Reaction Ceramic Paste, from Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag and Potassium Hydrophosphate, for Applications in Monolithic Objects" Ceramics 9, no. 4: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9040036

APA Style

Cardenas Balaguera, C. A., Rubiano-Navarrete, A. F., Ramos Casas, P. A., & Espitia López, L. P. (2026). Design of a Chemical-Reaction Ceramic Paste, from Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag and Potassium Hydrophosphate, for Applications in Monolithic Objects. Ceramics, 9(4), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9040036

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