Theoretical Analysis of a Biomass-Driven Single-Effect Absorption Heat Pump for Heating and Cooling Purposes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. The Examined Heating/Cooling System
2.2. The Examined Building
2.3. Mathematical Formulation
2.3.1. General Equations for the Building and the Boiler
2.3.2. Equations for the Absorption Heat Pump
- -
- Every device is assumed to be in steady-state conditions in order to apply the energy balance.
- -
- There are no piping pressure losses, and the pressure level changes only in the pumps and in the valves.
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- The process in the throttling valves is ideal and so the enthalpy is preserved.
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- There is no LiBr in the condenser and in the evaporator devices.
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- There are no thermal losses from the system to the ambient.
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- The exits of the devices (evaporator, condenser, absorber and generator) are assumed to be saturated state points.
2.3.3. Evaluation Indexes
2.4. Followed Methodology
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Thermal Loads of the Examined Buildings
3.2. System Results
3.3. Comparison with a Conventional System
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | Area, m2 |
cp | Specific heat capacity, J/kgK |
COPcool | Cooling coefficient of performance |
COPheat | Heating coefficient of performance |
Exb | Exergy flow rate of the biomass heat rate, kW |
h | Specific enthalpy, kJ/kg |
hin | Indoor heat convection coefficient, W/m2K |
hout | Outdoor heat convection coefficient, W/m2K |
HHV | High heating value of the biomass, kJ/kg |
k | Thermal conductivity, W/mK |
L | Layer thickness, m |
mb | Biomass mass flow rate, kg/s |
mr | Refrigerant mass flow rate, kg/s |
ms | Strong solution mass flow rate, kg/s |
mw | Weak solution mass flow rate, kg/s |
N | Number of the layers in the examined structural element |
Q | Heat rate, kW |
T | Temperature, °C or K |
U | Thermal transmittance, W/m2K |
Xs | Strong solution concentration in LiBr, % |
Xw | Weak solution concentration in LiBr, % |
Greek Symbols
ηboiler | Boiler efficiency |
ηen,cool | Energy efficiency for cooling |
ηen,heat | Energy efficiency for heating |
ηex,cool | Exergy efficiency for cooling |
ηex,heat | Exergy efficiency for heating |
ηHEX | Effectiveness of the heat exchanger solution |
ρ | Density, kg/m3 |
Subscripts
abs | absorber |
am | ambient |
am,cr | ambient critical |
b | biomass |
con | condenser |
cool | cooling |
evap | evaporator |
fram | frame |
gen | generator |
glaz | glazing |
heat | heating |
u | useful |
wind | window |
Abbreviation
PCM | Phase Change Materials |
References
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Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Evaporator temperature in cooling mode | 5 °C |
Condenser/absorber temperature in heating mode | 50 °C |
Generator temperature | 110 °C |
Solution heat exchanger effectiveness | 70% |
Temperature pinch point in the evaporator | 5 K |
Temperature pinch point in the absorber/condenser | 10 K |
Boiler nominal efficiency | 90% [11] |
Higher heating value of the biomass | 18467 kJ/kg [24] |
Structural Component | Materials | Thickness (cm) | k (W/mK) | ρ (kg/m3) | cp (J/kgK) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Roof | Concrete | 25 | 2.1 | 2400 | 800 |
Insulation | 10 | 0.035 | 40 | 800 | |
Ground | Floor | 1 | 0.07 | 800 | 1000 |
Concrete | 25 | 2.1 | 2400 | 800 | |
Insulation | 10 | 0.035 | 40 | 800 | |
Wall | Plaster | 1 | 1.389 | 2000 | 1000 |
Brick | 12 | 0.889 | 1800 | 1000 | |
Insulation | 8 | 0.035 | 40 | 800 | |
Brick | 12 | 0.889 | 1800 | 1000 | |
Plaster | 1 | 1.389 | 2000 | 1000 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Heating set point | 20 °C |
Cooling set point | 26 °C |
Floor area | 400 m2 |
Length | 20 m |
Width | 20 m |
Height | 3 m |
South window total area | 10 m2 |
Infiltration and natural ventilation | 1 air change per hour |
Appliances and lighting specific gain | 7 W/m2 |
Occupants | 7 persons sited in rest |
Specific load per occupant | 100 W/occupant (ISO 7730) [26] |
U-values of the ground | 0.304 W/m2K |
U-value of the roof | 0.318 W/m2K |
U-value of the external walls | 0.365 W/m2K |
U-value of the glazing (85% of the window) | 2.80 W/m2K |
U-value of the frame (15% of the window) | 2.27 W/m2K |
U-value of the window | 2.72 W/m2K |
g-value of the window | 0.755 |
Month | Heating (kWh) | Cooling (kWh) |
---|---|---|
January | 2712 | 0 |
February | 2193 | 0 |
March | 1597 | 0 |
April | 186 | 0 |
May | 5 | 151 |
June | 0 | 1412 |
July | 0 | 2751 |
August | 0 | 2669 |
September | 0 | 1148 |
October | 0 | 37 |
November | 487 | 0 |
December | 1956 | 0 |
Year | 9136 | 8168 |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Cooling load | 8168 kWh |
Heating load | 9136 kWh |
Biomass demand for cooling | 10870 kWh |
Biomass demand for heating | 6989 kWh |
Total biomass demand | 17859 kWh |
Mass of the consumed biomass for cooling | 2119 kg |
Mass of the consumed biomass for heating | 1644 kg |
The total mass the consumed biomass | 3763 kg |
Yearly system cooling energy performance | 0.751 |
Yearly system heating energy performance | 1.307 |
Yearly exergy efficiency for cooling | 6.31% |
Yearly exergy efficiency for heating | 14.48% |
Cooling period | 2627 h |
Heating period | 3041 h |
Heating period without heat pump operation | 1126 h |
Heating period with heat pump operation | 1915 h |
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Bellos, E.; Lykas, P.; Tzivanidis, C. Theoretical Analysis of a Biomass-Driven Single-Effect Absorption Heat Pump for Heating and Cooling Purposes. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2022, 5, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5050099
Bellos E, Lykas P, Tzivanidis C. Theoretical Analysis of a Biomass-Driven Single-Effect Absorption Heat Pump for Heating and Cooling Purposes. Applied System Innovation. 2022; 5(5):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5050099
Chicago/Turabian StyleBellos, Evangelos, Panagiotis Lykas, and Christos Tzivanidis. 2022. "Theoretical Analysis of a Biomass-Driven Single-Effect Absorption Heat Pump for Heating and Cooling Purposes" Applied System Innovation 5, no. 5: 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5050099
APA StyleBellos, E., Lykas, P., & Tzivanidis, C. (2022). Theoretical Analysis of a Biomass-Driven Single-Effect Absorption Heat Pump for Heating and Cooling Purposes. Applied System Innovation, 5(5), 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi5050099