Treatment of Infectious Waste through the Application Rotary Kiln Incinerators and Ozone Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Rotary Kiln Infectious Waste Incinerator
- (1)
- An aeration fan is used to inject and move air into the combustion chamber, which is designed to have air flow through the front and back pipes to equalize the air flow from both sides.
- (2)
- The secondary chamber is used for the second round of exhaust gas combustion for eliminating gas pollution (e.g., dioxins and furans). The chamber maintains the desired combustion temperatures above 850–1000 °C to enhance the efficiency of gas pollutant suppression.
- (3)
- The third chamber is used for the final round of exhaust gas combustion to eliminate gas pollution (e.g., dioxins and furans). This chamber also maintains the desired combustion temperatures above 850–1200 °C. Subsequently, the remaining gases flow to a cyclone separator, where dust and small particles are trapped.
- (4)
- The cyclone separator functions as a dust collector; it typically employs centrifugal force, a form of inertia, to force the air containing dirt and dust through a vertical cylinder with a cone-shaped bottom. As the air continues to spin, the heavier particles of dirt and dust begin to separate from the other debris and move outward toward the walls of the chamber. Thereafter, they slide to the bottom of the container and into the dust bin. Alternatively, the pollutant gases flow upward to the top of the cyclone pipe, and the air pressure is increased using an aeration fan.
- (5)
- The aeration fan uses a high-pressure 0.5 horsepower pump to increase the pressure of the remaining gases after combustion and move them from the cyclone separator toward the wet scrapper.
- (6)
- Gas scrubbing collects the dust and small particles that pass through the cyclone separator. The gas then flows through from the side of the tank above water onto the cooling pad in the opposite direction. Water at a temperature of 15–20 °C is sprayed from the top toward the steering wheel that directs the flow to the activated charcoal, which absorbs toxic gases and odors such as methyl sulfide.
- (7)
- In a gas treatment chamber with high oxidation reaction, most types of microbes are killed, in particular the most dangerous bacteria which pose the greatest threat to human health. Odors, chemical compounds, and toxic gases are also eliminated using the treatment in this chamber before the remaining gases are released into the atmosphere.
- (8)
- The combustion gas vent has a measurement point set at a height of 10 times that of the diameter of the vent. The measurement point is installed to check the quantity and quality of the treated gases before they are released out into the environment. As the system is heated via combustion, cold water is used to treat the polluting gases.
- (9)
- The cool water tank stores the cool water required for injection from a nozzle during gas scrubbing. The water gate adjusts and mixes the water containing heat and toxic gas before this water enters the cool water pump. A small portion of the warm water is subsequently released into the warm water tank.
- (10)
- The warm water tank stores warm water that is heated by the absorbed pollutants from the exhaust gases produced via combustion. The debris is dropped to the bottom of the tank and subsequently disposed of. Thereafter, clean water is fed to a chilling machine.
- (11)
- The chilling machine produces cold water that is to be stored in the coolant tank before being sprayed into the scrubbing tank. Once the water absorbs the heat, leading to an increase in its temperature, it is circulated back to the chiller to be cooled again as shown in Figure 1.
2.2. Energy Consumption and Operating Cost Analysis
2.3. O3 Add-On into the Infectious Waste Incineration System
2.4. Measuring the Concentrations of Pollutants Released into the Atmosphere
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Treatment of Pollution Gases and the Efficiency of a Rotary Kiln Using a Three-Burner System and O3
3.2. Efficiency Comparison of a Rotary Kiln Using a Three-Burner System with and without an O3 System and the Standards of the U.S. EPA
3.3. Efficiency Comparison of Wastewater with and without an O3 System and the Standards of the U.S. EPA (1986)
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Value (USD) |
---|---|
Energy Cost of Electricity (Unit) | 0.12 |
Energy Cost of Water (Unit) | 0.48 |
Energy Cost of Fuel (Lite/Unit) | 0.36 |
Operation Cost for 4-Person Staff (Month/20,000) = (80,000) (THB) | 2447 |
Cost of the Technology/(THB) | |
Ozone Technology Cost (Size 100–160 g/Nm3) (Sets) = (2,000,000) | 61,180 |
Rotary Kiln Technology Cost (Size 100 kg/h) (Sets) = (10,000,000) | 305,903 |
Total Cost of the Technology (Sets) = (12,000,000) | 369,084 |
Availability (Hours) | 24 |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Combustion Chamber 1 | 700–1000 °C |
Combustion Chamber 2 | 850–1000 °C |
Combustion Chamber 3 | 850–1200 °C |
Wet Scrubber | 15–20 °C |
Fuel Consumption Rate (LPG) | 18–25 L/h |
Waste Throughput Rate | 100 kg/h |
Combustion Duration | 1.0 h |
Airflow Throughput Rate | 0.1–0.2 m3/s |
Speeds of the Rotary Kilns | 0.6–1 rpm/min |
Parameters | Value |
---|---|
Temperature in the Wet Scrubber | 15–20 °C |
Oxygen Consumption Rate | 10 L/min |
Ozone Concentration | 100–160 g/Nm3 |
Effect of Residence Time | 3–8 s |
Flow Rate Mixing | 65 L/min |
AC Voltage | 5–10 kV |
Oxidation Duration Time | 0.5–5 min |
No. | Parameters | Analysis Method | Standard Value [31] |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mercury (Hg) | Isokinetic, Cold Vapor—ASS | 0.05 mg/m3 |
2 | Lead (Pb) | Isokinetic, ICP-AES | 1.5 mg/m3 |
3 | Cadmium (Cd) | Isokinetic, ICP-AES | 0.5 mg/m3 |
4 | Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) | Ion Chromatography | 16.4 mg/m3 |
5 | Particulate (TSP) | Isokinetic, Gravimetric | 320 mg/m3 |
6 | Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) | Barium Thorin Titrimetric | 79 mg/m3 |
7 | Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx as NO2) | Chemical Absorption, Colorimetric | 470 mg/m3 |
8 | Carbon Monoxide (CO) | Bag, Non-Dispersive Infrared | 45.8 mg/m3 |
9 | Hydrogen Chlorine (HCl) | Ion Chromatography | 119 mg/m3 |
Parameters | Rotary Kiln (3-Burner) | 15% O2 | 7.0% O2 | U.S. EPA (1) [31] |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mercury (Hg) | 0.006 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.05 |
Lead (Pb) | ND (2) | ND (2) | <0.19 | 1.5 |
Cadmium (Cd) | ND (2) | ND (2) | <0.02 | 0.5 |
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF) | 0.680 | 0.013 | 0.034 | 16.4 |
Particulate (TSP) | 21.900 | 3.4 | 7.4 | 320 |
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) | 5.600 | <3.4 | <3.4 | 79 |
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx as NO2) | 16.300 | <2.0 | <2.0 | 470 |
Carbon Monoxide (CO) | 13.700 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 45.8 |
Hydrogen Chlorine (HCl) | 0.022 | <0.015 | <0.015 | 119 |
Opacity | 6% | 5% | 5% | 10% |
Parameters | Non-Ozone | Ozone | U.S. EPA (1) STD [31] |
---|---|---|---|
TSP (mg/m3) | 21.9 ± 0.86 | 3.4 ± 0.13 | 120 |
CO (mg/m3) | 13.7 ± 0.29 | 1.7 ± 0.28 | 45.80 |
NO2 (mg/m3) | 16.3 ± 0.57 | 2.0 ± 0.39 | 470 |
HCl (mg/m3) | 0.022 ± 0.012 | 0.015 ± 0.003 | 119 |
Hg (mg/m3) | 0.0069 ± 0.0014 | 0.001 ± 0.0004 | 0.05 |
SO2 (mg/m3) | 5.6 ± 1.65 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 79 |
HF (mg/m3) | 0.68 ± 0.17 | 0.013 ± 0.01 | 16.40 |
Opacity (%) | 6.0 ± 0.96 | 5.0 ± 0.53 | 10 |
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Khannam, K.; Vattanapuripakorn, W.; Sonsupap, S.; Sarasamkan, J.; Tongsantia, U.; Bubphachot, B. Treatment of Infectious Waste through the Application Rotary Kiln Incinerators and Ozone Technology. Appl. Syst. Innov. 2021, 4, 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4040071
Khannam K, Vattanapuripakorn W, Sonsupap S, Sarasamkan J, Tongsantia U, Bubphachot B. Treatment of Infectious Waste through the Application Rotary Kiln Incinerators and Ozone Technology. Applied System Innovation. 2021; 4(4):71. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4040071
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhannam, Khomson, Wenich Vattanapuripakorn, Sathapon Sonsupap, Jiradanai Sarasamkan, Umakorn Tongsantia, and Bopit Bubphachot. 2021. "Treatment of Infectious Waste through the Application Rotary Kiln Incinerators and Ozone Technology" Applied System Innovation 4, no. 4: 71. https://doi.org/10.3390/asi4040071