Canada-Wide Distribution of Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors for Urinary Stone Disease: Insights for Equitable Resource Allocation and Fighting Health Disparities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kidney Stone Risk Factor | Rate for Resource Use for Any Kidney Stone Intervention in 2013–2018 per 100,000 (95% CI) | Rate of Acute Care for Kidney Stone Events in 2013–2018 per (95% CI) 100,000 |
---|---|---|
Occupational cadmium, lead, or arsenic exposure | −0.65 (−0.92, 0.03) | −0.50 (−0.86, 0.19) |
Occupational heat exposure | −0.64 (−0.92, 0.03) | 0.07 (−0.58, 0.67) |
Overall mean Temp of the warmest months in 2020–2022 | −0.73 (−0.92, −0.13) | 0.32 (−0.39, 0.79) |
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© 2025 by the authors. Published by MDPI on behalf of the Société Internationale d’Urologie. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Saffarzadeh, M.; Black, A.; Ordon, M.; Chew, B.H.; Forbes, C.M. Canada-Wide Distribution of Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors for Urinary Stone Disease: Insights for Equitable Resource Allocation and Fighting Health Disparities. Soc. Int. Urol. J. 2025, 6, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj6010009
Saffarzadeh M, Black A, Ordon M, Chew BH, Forbes CM. Canada-Wide Distribution of Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors for Urinary Stone Disease: Insights for Equitable Resource Allocation and Fighting Health Disparities. Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal. 2025; 6(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj6010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaffarzadeh, Mohammadali, Anna Black, Michael Ordon, Ben H. Chew, and Connor M. Forbes. 2025. "Canada-Wide Distribution of Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors for Urinary Stone Disease: Insights for Equitable Resource Allocation and Fighting Health Disparities" Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal 6, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj6010009
APA StyleSaffarzadeh, M., Black, A., Ordon, M., Chew, B. H., & Forbes, C. M. (2025). Canada-Wide Distribution of Environmental and Occupational Risk Factors for Urinary Stone Disease: Insights for Equitable Resource Allocation and Fighting Health Disparities. Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal, 6(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj6010009