Post-Graduate Urology Training in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results
3.1. Residency
University/Hospital | Years | Country | Program | Research Required | Years of Other Surgery Training (e.g., Core Surgical Training) | Years of Urology Specific | No. of Seats | Average Annual Salary of Urology Residents in USD | Average Annual Salary in USD [14] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
American University of Beirut | 6 | Lebanon | Residency | 1 Clinical Research | 2 | 4 | 2 | Not Available | 305 |
Aga Khan University | 4 | Pakistan | Residency | 2 Research Projects | 2 | 4 | 1 | 5412 | 3529 |
All India Institute of Medical sciences | 3 | India | M.Ch | Not Available | 3 | 3 | 11 | 15,000 | 4605 |
Christian Medical College Vellore | 3 | India | M.Ch | Not Available | 3 | 3 | 5 | 13,000 | 4605 |
Philippine General Hospital | 6 | Philippines | Residency | Assigned Research Project | 2 | 4 | Not Available | Not Available | 9116 |
Mansoura University | 4 | Egypt | Residency | Not Available | 0 | 4 | 4 | 18,174 | 2345 |
Iranian Urology and Transplantation Center | 5 | Iran | Residency | At least 1 research Paper | 6 months | 4 years and 6 months | 3 to 4 | Not Available | 12,773 |
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University | 5 | Bangladesh | Residency | Assigned Research Project | 2 | 3 | Not Available | Not Available | 2652 |
Lebanese American University | 5 | Lebanon | Residency | Not Available | Not Available | Not Available | 1 to 2 | Not Available | 305 |
Jordan University Hospital | 5 | Jordan | Residency | At least 1 research Paper | 1 | 4 | 8 to 9 | 12,700 | 26,838 |
3.2. Fellowship
3.3. Examinations and Certification
4. Discussion
4.1. Training
4.2. Curricula
4.3. Hospitals and Training Environment
4.4. Financial Constraints
4.5. Obstacles to Growth
4.6. Strategies for Improvement
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Fellowship Societies | Number of Accredited Training Programs in LMICs |
---|---|
Société Internationale D’Urologie | 11 out of 25 (44%) |
Endourology society | 3 out of 82 (3.65%) |
Society of reconstructive urology | 1 out of 30 (3.33%) |
Society of pediatric urology | 0 |
Society of sexual medicine | 0 |
Society of female urology | 0 |
Society of uro-oncology | 0 |
Kidney transplantation program | 0 |
Society of the study of male reproduction | 0 |
European Society for Paediatric Urology | 0 |
Society of urodynamics, female pelvic medicine and urogenital reconstruction | 0 |
European association of Urology | 0 |
Boards | Number of LMICs Included |
The Arab Council for Health Specializations | 8 out of 16 (50%) |
European Board of Urology | 0 |
World Bank Grouping | Annual per Capita Income (USD) | % World Population | Acronym |
---|---|---|---|
Low-income countries | ≤1135 | 12.0 | LICs |
Low–middle-income countries | 1136–4465 | 24.9 | LMICs |
Upper-middle-income countries | 4466–13,845 | 24.9 | UMICs |
High-income countries | >13,846 | 38.2 | HICs |
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Baqain, L.; Haddad, S.; Baqain, R.; El Hout, Y.; Shahait, M. Post-Graduate Urology Training in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Soc. Int. Urol. J. 2024, 5, 339-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj5050053
Baqain L, Haddad S, Baqain R, El Hout Y, Shahait M. Post-Graduate Urology Training in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal. 2024; 5(5):339-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj5050053
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaqain, Laith, Sanad Haddad, Ronny Baqain, Yaser El Hout, and Mohammed Shahait. 2024. "Post-Graduate Urology Training in Low- and Middle-Income Countries" Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal 5, no. 5: 339-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj5050053
APA StyleBaqain, L., Haddad, S., Baqain, R., El Hout, Y., & Shahait, M. (2024). Post-Graduate Urology Training in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal, 5(5), 339-348. https://doi.org/10.3390/siuj5050053