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Volume 93
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10.3390/arm93030017
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Review

Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review

by
Kamil Makar
1,
Agata Wróbel
2,*,
Adam Antczak
1 and
Damian Tworek
1
1
Department of General and Oncological Pulmonology, Medical University of Lodz, Stefana Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
2
Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93(3), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030017
Submission received: 10 February 2025 / Revised: 29 May 2025 / Accepted: 9 June 2025 / Published: 12 June 2025
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) is genetic material released from various cells into bodily fluids. Among its fractions, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) originates from tumor cells and reflects their genetic material, including mutations and epigenetic changes. Methods commonly employed for detecting ctDNA in blood include next-generation sequencing (NGS) and various types of PCR. The presence of ctDNA can be utilized in liquid biopsies for many diagnostic purposes related to various cancers. It is a minimally invasive method of sampling molecular compounds from tumor cells. In this paper, we focus on current knowledge regarding the liquid biopsy of blood ctDNA in the context of lung cancer, one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality. Currently, as a clinically approved method, liquid biopsy serves as a complementary technique in NSCLC diagnostic and genetic profiling. Other applications of liquid biopsy that are still being investigated include the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) after curative treatment and response monitoring to systemic treatment. This review discusses current and future potential directions for the development and implementation of ctDNA for patients with NSCLC.
Keywords: ctDNA; cfDNA; liquid biopsy; lung cancer; NSCLC; cancer diagnostics ctDNA; cfDNA; liquid biopsy; lung cancer; NSCLC; cancer diagnostics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Makar, K.; Wróbel, A.; Antczak, A.; Tworek, D. Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review. Adv. Respir. Med. 2025, 93, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030017

AMA Style

Makar K, Wróbel A, Antczak A, Tworek D. Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review. Advances in Respiratory Medicine. 2025; 93(3):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030017

Chicago/Turabian Style

Makar, Kamil, Agata Wróbel, Adam Antczak, and Damian Tworek. 2025. "Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review" Advances in Respiratory Medicine 93, no. 3: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030017

APA Style

Makar, K., Wróbel, A., Antczak, A., & Tworek, D. (2025). Clinical Utility of ctDNA Analysis in Lung Cancer—A Review. Advances in Respiratory Medicine, 93(3), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/arm93030017

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