Irradiation Effects in Polymer Composites for Their Conversion into Hybrids
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Main Aspects of Radiation Processing
3. Polyethylene
4. Polypropylene
5. Ethylene–Propylene Copolymers
6. Elastomers
7. Poly(Lactic Acid)
8. Polyurethanes
9. Miscellaneous
10. Conclusions
- gaskets, O-rings for the sealing of fluid pipes, screening surfaces for electromagnetic protection, membranes for batteries, items for buildings, aircraft, automotive and greenhouse articles or engineering applications in branches such as chemistry,
- polymer waste recycling and fire retardants,
- medical supports and wear, drug delivery structures, bone-tissue regeneration, scaffolds and implants,
- sensors
- package materials for beverage and food handling,
- various commodities and toys.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAc | acrylic acid |
AgNP | silver nanoparticle |
AN | acrylonitrile |
CB | carbon black |
CF | carbon fiber |
CFRTP | carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic |
CL | chemiluminescence |
CuNW | copper nanowire |
Ea | activation energy |
EB | electron beam |
EBN | ethylidene norbornene |
EPDM | Ethylene–propylene–diene monomer |
ER | epoxy resin |
ESR | electron spin resonance |
EVA | poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate) |
FTIR | Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy |
G | graphene |
HAp | hydroxyapatite |
HDPE | high density polyethylene |
LDPE | low density polyethylene |
LNR | liquid natural rubber |
LOCA | loss of coolant accident |
MA | maleic anhydride |
MFI | melting flow index |
MMT | montmorillonite |
MWCNT | multi-walled carbon nanotubes |
NP | nanoparticle |
NPP | nuclear power plant |
NBR | nitrile rubber |
NR | natural rubber |
OMMT | organomodified montorillonite |
OOT | onset oxidation temperature |
Ov-POSS | octavinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane |
PCR | polychloroprene |
PDMS | polydimethyl siloxane |
phr | parts per hundred rubber |
PLA | poly(lactic acid) |
POSS | polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxane |
pph | parts per hundred percent |
PS | polystyrene |
PVAl | poly(vinyl alcohol) |
PVP | poly(2-vinyl pyrrolidone) |
SBR | styrene-butadiene rubber |
TAC | triallylcyanurate |
TEM | transmission electron microscopy |
TMPT | trimethylolpropane trimethyacrylate |
TMPTA | trimethylolpropane triacrylate |
Tg | glass transition temperture |
Tm | melting temperature |
σ | electrical conductivity |
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Filler Loading (%) | Oxidation Index | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
25 kGy | 50 kGy | 75 kGy | 100 kGy | |
0 | 0.015 | 0.365 | 0.525 | 0.840 |
0.25 | 0.009 | 0.325 | 0.460 | 0.800 |
0.50 | 0.000 | 0.295 | 0.410 | 0.535 |
0.75 | - | 0.220 | 0.350 | 0.485 |
1.00 | - | 0.165 | 0.265 | 0.410 |
Filler Loading (%) | MFI (g/10 min) | ||
---|---|---|---|
0 kGy | 35 kGy | 70 kGy | |
0 | 29.9 | 18.0 | 12.0 |
10 | 28.4 | 13.5 | 8.5 |
20 | 19.0 | 11.0 | 7.0 |
30 | 16.5 | 8.5 | 6.0 |
MMT Loading (phr) | Gel Content (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
5 phr | 10 phr | 15 phr | 20 phr | |
0 | 14 | 28 | 33 | 34 |
50 | 68 | |||
150 | 85 | |||
250 | 93 |
Property | Dose (kGy) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | |
Grafting (%) | 39 | 125 | 216 | 304 |
Adsorption (%) | 99.7 | 99.75 | 99.64 | 99.54 |
none 96 | Compound 1 81 | Compound 2 78 | Compound 3 111 | |
Compound 4 106 | Compound 5 91 | Compound 6 126 | Compound 7 133 |
Filler | CL Intensity (Hz g−1) × 10−6 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 kGy | 20 kGy | 50 kGy | 100 kGy | |
Pristine resin | 2.2 | 12.6 | 36.7 | 45.8 |
TiO2 (1%) | 1.0 | 19.8 | 18.8 | 38.7 |
TiO2 (5%) | 1.5 | 16.5 | 15.1 | 34.1 |
TiO2 (10%) | 1.8 | 14.6 | 12.9 | 31.2 |
SiO2 (1%) | 0.9 | 20.4 | 33.1 | 44.9 |
SiO2 (5%) | 1.0 | 19.2 | 31.0 | 39.5 |
SiO2 (10%) | 1.1 | 18.4 | 28.7 | 36.6 |
Formulation | Tensile Stress (MPa) | ||
---|---|---|---|
100% Modulus | 300% Modulus | 500% Modulus | |
Pristine NR | 0.38 | 0.44 | 1.32 |
NR/SiO2 | 0.42 | 0.78 | 1.43 |
NR/GE | 0.55 | 0.95 | 2.17 |
NR/SiO2-GE0.008% | 0.48 | 0.83 | 1.42 |
NR/SiO2-GE0.056% | 0.49 | 0.78 | 1.39 |
NR/SiO2-GE3.23% | 0.42 | 0.69 | 1.38 |
NR/SiO2-GE14.29% | 0.38 | 0.55 | 1.36 |
Formulation | Crosslinking Density (mol cm−3) × 10−4 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0 kGy | 20 kGy | 50 kGy | 100 kGy | |
EPDM | 0.35 | 1.45 | 3.71 | 4.92 |
Butyl rubber | 0.42 | 1.36 | 3.35 | 4.25 |
Chlorbutyl rubber | 0.28 | 0.78 | 2.33 | 3.36 |
Brombutyl rubber | 0.57 | 0.89 | 2.43 | 3.48 |
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Zaharescu, T.; Mariş, M. Irradiation Effects in Polymer Composites for Their Conversion into Hybrids. J. Compos. Sci. 2022, 6, 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6040109
Zaharescu T, Mariş M. Irradiation Effects in Polymer Composites for Their Conversion into Hybrids. Journal of Composites Science. 2022; 6(4):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6040109
Chicago/Turabian StyleZaharescu, Traian, and Marius Mariş. 2022. "Irradiation Effects in Polymer Composites for Their Conversion into Hybrids" Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 4: 109. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6040109