Optimization and Prediction of Mechanical Characteristics on Vacuum Sintered Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp Composites Using Taguchi’s Design of Experiments, Response Surface Methodology and Random Forest Regression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Design of Experiments
3.1. Taguchi’s Design of Experiments
3.2. Response Surface Methodology
3.3. Random Forest Regression
- Step 1: The loading of the data sets.
- Step 2: The selection of the preprocessor.
- Step 3: Classifying the data sets for training and testing.
- Step 4: Training the model using the datasets.
- Step 5: Loading the test data set for a comparison.
- Step 6: Evaluating the prediction performance based on the accuracy and precision.
4. Results and Discussions
4.1. Hardness
4.2. Porosity
4.3. Surface Roughness
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Al | V | Fe | O | C | N | Y | H | Ti |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wt (%) | 6.1 | 4 | 0.16 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.001 | Bal |
Element | C | Fe2O3 | Si | Al2O3 | CaO | SiO2 | P | S | SiC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wt (%) | 1.17 | 0.66 | 1.43 | 0.25 | 0.14 | 0.8 | 0.32 | 0.04 | Bal |
Properties | Values (Units) |
---|---|
Density | 4.43 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 1604–1660 °C |
Beta transitional temperature | 980 °C |
Tensile strength, ultimate | 1170 Mpa |
Tensile strength, yield | 1100 Mpa |
Compressive strength | 1070 Mpa |
Modulus of elasticity | 114 Gpa |
Brinell hardness | 379 BHN |
Elongation at break | 10% |
Properties | Values (Units) |
---|---|
Density | 3.1 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 2730 °C |
Beta transitional temperature | 2000 °C |
Tensile strength, ultimate | 390 Mpa |
Compressive strength | 2000 Mpa |
Modulus of elasticity | 410 Gpa |
Vicker’shardness | 2720 Hv |
Elongation at break | 0% |
Control Factors | Levels | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
Aging temperature (°C) | 1050 | 1150 | 1250 |
Aging time (h) | 2 | 3 | 4 |
Heating rate (°C/min) | 5 | 15 | 25 |
Cooling rate (°C/min) | 1 | 3 | 5 |
Control Factors | Levels | |
---|---|---|
1 | 3 | |
Aging temperature (°C) | 1050 | 1250 |
Aging time (h) | 2 | 4 |
Heating rate (°C/min) | 5 | 25 |
Cooling rate (°C/min) | 1 | 5 |
Algorithm: Random forest modeling. |
Input: Ti-6Al-4V- SiCp |
Output: Hardness, porosity, and surface roughness |
Source | DF | Seq SS | Adj SS | AdjMS | F | P | P% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 2 | 5.0606 | 5.0606 | 2.5303 | 124.7 | 0.000 | 0.0 |
B | 2 | 0.7590 | 0.7590 | 0.3795 | 18.72 | 0.003 | 0.15 |
C | 2 | 0.1894 | 0.1894 | 0.0947 | 4.67 | 0.060 | 3.15 |
D | 2 | 1.0789 | 1.0789 | 0.5399 | 26.63 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
A × D | 4 | 0.0191 | 0.0191 | 0.0047 | 0.24 | 0.908 | 47.8 |
B × D | 4 | 0.0161 | 0.0161 | 0.0154 | 0.76 | 0.586 | 0.31 |
C × D | 4 | 0.0165 | 0.0165 | 0.0041 | 0.20 | 0.927 | 48.54 |
Residual Error | 6 | 0.1216 | 0.1216 | 0.0202 | |||
Total | 26 | 7.3082 | 100 |
Source | DF | Seq SS | Adj SS | Adj MS | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression | 14 | 10,841.1 | 10,841.12 | 774.37 | 13.63 | 0.000 |
Residual error | 14 | 795.5 | 795.53 | 56.82 | ||
Total | 29 | 11,636.7 |
Source | DF | Seq SS | Adj SS | Adj MS | F | P | P% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 2 | 8.4084 | 8.4084 | 4.2042 | 168.59 | 0.000 | 0.00 |
B | 2 | 6.2052 | 6.2052 | 3.1026 | 124.41 | 0.000 | 0.00 |
C | 2 | 0.7338 | 0.7338 | 0.3668 | 14.71 | 0.005 | 0.21 |
D | 2 | 2.0230 | 2.0230 | 1.0114 | 40.56 | 0.000 | 0.00 |
A × D | 4 | 0.0403 | 0.0403 | 0.0100 | 0.40 | 0.800 | 34.72 |
B × D | 4 | 0.0876 | 0.0876 | 0.0219 | 0.88 | 0.529 | 22.96 |
C × D | 4 | 0.0121 | 0.0121 | 0.0030 | 0.12 | 0.970 | 42.1 |
Residual error | 6 | 0.1496 | 0.1496 | 0.0249 | |||
Total | 26 | 17.660 |
Source | DF | Seq SS | Adj SS | Adj MS | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression | 14 | 38.0486 | 38.0486 | 2.7178 | 10.00 | 0.000 |
Residual error | 14 | 3.8064 | 3.8064 | 0.2719 | ||
Total | 29 | 61.4427 |
Source | DF | Seq SS | Adj SS | Adj MS | F | P | P% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 2 | 1.8327 | 1.8327 | 0.9163 | 10.10 | 0.012 | 0.35 |
B | 2 | 7.4742 | 7.4742 | 3.7371 | 41.21 | 0.000 | 0.00 |
C | 2 | 0.4671 | 0.4671 | 0.2335 | 2.57 | 0.156 | 4.63 |
D | 2 | 0.3761 | 0.3761 | 0.1880 | 2.07 | 0.207 | 6.14 |
A × D | 4 | 0.0117 | 0.0117 | 0.0029 | 0.03 | 0.997 | 29.59 |
B × D | 4 | 0.0066 | 0.0066 | 0.0016 | 0.02 | 0.999 | 29.65 |
C × D | 4 | 0.0093 | 0.0093 | 0.0023 | 0.03 | 0.998 | 29.62 |
Residual error | 6 | 0.5442 | 0.5442 | 0.0906 | |||
Total | 26 | 10.7218 | 3.369 | 100 |
Source | DF | Seq SS | Adj SS | AdjMS | F | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regression | 14 | 10.8982 | 10.8982 | 0.7784 | 3.53 | 0.012 |
Residual error | 14 | 3.0889 | 3.0889 | 0.2206 | ||
Total | 29 | 23.9554 |
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Hegde, A.L.; Shetty, R.; Chiniwar, D.S.; Naik, N.; Nayak, M. Optimization and Prediction of Mechanical Characteristics on Vacuum Sintered Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp Composites Using Taguchi’s Design of Experiments, Response Surface Methodology and Random Forest Regression. J. Compos. Sci. 2022, 6, 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6110339
Hegde AL, Shetty R, Chiniwar DS, Naik N, Nayak M. Optimization and Prediction of Mechanical Characteristics on Vacuum Sintered Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp Composites Using Taguchi’s Design of Experiments, Response Surface Methodology and Random Forest Regression. Journal of Composites Science. 2022; 6(11):339. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6110339
Chicago/Turabian StyleHegde, Adithya Lokesh, Raviraj Shetty, Dundesh S Chiniwar, Nithesh Naik, and Madhukara Nayak. 2022. "Optimization and Prediction of Mechanical Characteristics on Vacuum Sintered Ti-6Al-4V-SiCp Composites Using Taguchi’s Design of Experiments, Response Surface Methodology and Random Forest Regression" Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 11: 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs6110339